Investigation 1

Question 1

Title of investigation 1

Answer 1

A quasi experiment on age and sleep

Question 2

What is the operationalised hypothesis

Answer 2

There will be ab increase in sleep score out of 21 on PSQI in adolescence (13-18) compared to adults (19+)

Question 3

What is the null hypothesis

Answer 3

There will be no change in the sleep scores out of 21 on the PSQI in adolescence (13-18) in comparison to adults (19+) - any changes will be due to chance

Question 4

What is the operationalised IV

Answer 4

Teenagers (13-18) and adults (19+)

Question 5

Why is the IV operationalised in this way

Answer 5

Because it is a quasi experiment that needs to different age ranges

Question 6

What is the operationalised DV

Answer 6

Pittsburg sleep quality index - out of 21

Question 7

Why is the DV operationalised in this way

Answer 7

Because PSQI is an established measure

Question 8

What are the confounding variables

Answer 8

-illness
-house hold noise
-medication

Question 9

How to overcome the confounding variables

Answer 9

Discount certain scores for those who are on medication etc
Or test retest

Question 10

Extraneous variables

Answer 10

Temperature
Time of the day
Point in the term

Question 11

How are the extraneous variables overcome

Answer 11

Test retest

Question 12

What is the methodology

Answer 12

1- quasi experiment
2- self-report technique

Question 13

Strengths of a quasi in your research

Answer 13

No manipulation by the researcher

Question 14

Weakness of a quasi in your research

Answer 14

More chance of confounding variables due to the IV being naturally occurring

Question 15

Strength of a self report in your research

Answer 15

Quick and easy as PSQI is an already established measure

Question 16

Strength of a self report in your research

Answer 16

Quick and easy as PSQI is an already established measure

Question 17

Weakness of a self report in my research

Answer 17

Social desirability bias due to wanting to seem a better sleeper of researcher bias

Question 18

What is the experimental design - what are the strengths/weaknesses

Answer 18

Independent groups
+ no chance of order effects
-participant variables

Question 19

What is the sampling technique- strengths/weaknesses?

Answer 19

Opportunity sampling
+quicker than stratified and easier than quota
-may not be representative of the whole target population

Question 20

What is the location of research - strengths/weaknesses?

Answer 20

Field - Notre dame
+high ecological validity - more convenient
-harder to control ev’s/cv’s

Question 21

Why is it independent groups

Answer 21

Due to the nature of a quasi experiment, p’s can only belong to one condition

Question 22

Briefly outline the procedure

Answer 22

Select p’s - 10 per group
Get code names by using house number and bday
Brief the study - aims, hypothesis, right to withdraw
Print PSQI and ask them to answer
Calculate scores
Descriptive statistics
Debrief

Question 23

What was the significance level used and why

Answer 23

0.05 because its the standard probability and not for a sensitive measure e.g drug testing

Question 24

What was the graphical representation used and why

Answer 24

Bar chart - because the data is not continuous and IV is in categories

Question 25

Descriptive statistics - what are the measure of central tendency

Answer 25

Mean Median Mode

Question 26

Descriptive statistics - measures of dispersion

Answer 26

Range Standard deviation

Question 27

+/- of mean

Answer 27

+most sensitive measure and takes all values into account -abnormalities affect the mean

Question 28

+/- of mean

Answer 28

+most sensitive measure and takes all values into account -abnormalities affect the mean

Question 29

+/- median

Answer 29

+not affected by extreme scores -not sensitive

Question 30

+/- of mode

Answer 30

+not affected by extreme values -may be 2 modes or 0 so not representative of data

Question 31

+/- of range

Answer 31

+quick and easy -sensitive to outliers

Question 32

+/- of range

Answer 32

+quick and easy -sensitive to outliers

Question 33

+/- of standard deviation

Answer 33

+ shows distance from mean - difficult and time consuming

Question 34

Inferential statistics

Answer 34

=mann Whitney U Independent data Ordinal and above Test for difference

Question 35

What is the observed value

Answer 35

15.5

Question 36

What is the critical value

Answer 36

5

Question 37

Which hypothesis should you reject/accept

Answer 37

Accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null as findings are significant

Question 38

How to consider privacy - PCDRIP

Answer 38

Don’t ask personal question e.g sharing a room as they may be embarrassed

Question 39

How to consider confidentiality - PCDRIP

Answer 39

No names used P’s select own participant number E.g house number/birth year Not identifiable

Question 40

How to consider deception

Answer 40

No deception - P’s know the aims from the start

Question 41

How to consider right to withdraw

Answer 41

Brief at the start and end of Say they can withdraw at any point during the study 48h reflection time

Question 42

How to consider informed consent

Answer 42

Each p is given a consent form Vulnerable children (under 16) - head teacher has given consent for them (by proxy)

Question 43

How to consider protection from harm

Answer 43

No psychical harm May worry about the sleep score which is unnecessary anxiety/stress Debrief will offer help and guidance e.g website

Question 44

How will I ensure internal reliability is high

Answer 44

Standardise instructions for all Test p’s at same time of days Same researcher Same questionnaire

Question 45

How to check four high external reliability

Answer 45

Test retest method - test p’s again in September and compare Look for correlation - higher than 0.8 means high external reliability

Question 46

How may demand characteristics affect research

Answer 46

We’re telling p’s the aim of the study in briefing so may act differently

Question 47

How may social desirability affect research

Answer 47

Anonymous questionnaires so we don’t know who p’s are - less likely to lie if they can’t be identified

Question 48

What are the conclusions of the study

Answer 48

Alternative hypothesis was correct There was an increase in sleep scores in adolescence compared to adults

Question 49

3 ways my study could be improved

Answer 49

Test retest to improve external reliability and secure consistency Split half reliability to ensure internal reliability and ensure all 21 questions measure ‘sleep’ Content validity - ask an expert to review the questionnaire and check the questions accurately measure sleep

Question 50

Why do we use these descriptive statistics

Answer 50

Mean because we use all the values so more sensitive Standard deviation because it is ratio data