explanations of gender development

Question 1

support for role of chromosomes

Answer 1

david reimer

Question 2

what does david reimer support

Answer 2

role of chromosomes

Question 3

describe david reimer

Answer 3

a case study in a which a newborn boy had a botched circumcision, so his parents raised him as a girl. john money evaluated his progress as a success, but david never adjusted to life as a female, and experienced severe psychological and emotional problems. when he was told he was a male, he returned to life as a man, and eventually killed himself.

Question 4

contradictory evidence for role of chromosomes

Answer 4

maccoby and jacklin

Question 5

what does maccoby and jacklin contradict

Answer 5

role of chromosomes

Question 6

describe maccoby and jacklin

Answer 6

found more differences in behaviour within the sexes than between them.

Question 7

support for role of hormones?

Answer 7

dabbs et al, van de poll et al, and van goozen et al.

Question 8

what does dabbs et al. support?

Answer 8

role of hormones

Question 9

what does van de poll et al. support?

Answer 9

role of hormones

Question 10

what does van goozen et al. support?

Answer 10

role of hormones

Question 11

describe dabbs et al.

Answer 11

found that, in a population of prisoners, offenders with highest levels of testosterone were more likely to have committed violent or sexually motivated crimes.

Question 12

describe van de poll et al.

Answer 12

showed that female rats who were injected with testosterone became more physically and sexually aggressive.

Question 13

describe van goozen et al.

Answer 13

studied transgender individuals undergoing hormone treatment. trans women showed decreases in aggression, while trans men showed the opposite.

Question 14

contradictory evidence for role of hormones

Answer 14

tricker et al.

Question 15

what does tricker et al. contradict?

Answer 15

role of hormones

Question 16

describe tricker et al.

Answer 16

conducted a double blind study in which 43 males were given either a weekly injection of testosterone or a placebo. no significant differences were found after a ten-week period.

Question 17

support for kohlberg?

Answer 17

slaby and frey

Question 18

what does slaby and frey support?

Answer 18

kohlberg

Question 19

describe slaby and frey

Answer 19

presented children with split-screen images of males and females performing the same tasks. younger children spent similar amounts of time watching both sexes. at the gender constancy age, children spent longer looking at the same-sex model.

Question 20

support for universality in kohlberg?

Answer 20

munroe et al.

Question 21

what does munroe et al. show?

Answer 21

universality in kohlberg

Question 22

describe munroe et al.

Answer 22

found evidence that kohlberg’s theory can be applied in kenya, nepal and samoa.

Question 23

contradictory evidence for kohlberg

Answer 23

bussey and bandura, martin and little

Question 24

what does bussey and bandura contradict?

Answer 24

kohlberg

Question 25

describe bussey and bandura

Answer 25

found that children at age 4 reported 'feeling good' when playing with gender-appropriate toys, and 'bad' with the opposite. contradicts the age of gender constancy.

Question 26

support for gender schema theory

Answer 26

martin and little, martin and halverson

Question 27

what does martin and little support

Answer 27

gender schema theory

Question 28

what does martin and little contradict

Answer 28

kohlberg

Question 29

what does martin and halverson support

Answer 29

gender schema theory

Question 30

describe martin and little

Answer 30

found that children under 4 who showed no signs of gender stability or constancy still demonstrated strongly sex-typed behaviours and attitudes.

Question 31

describe martin and halverson

Answer 31

found that children under 6 were more likely to remember photographs of gender-consistent behaviour than gender-inconsistent behaviour when tested a week later. children also tended to change the sex of the person carrying out the gender-inconsistent behaviour.

Question 32

contradictory evidence for gender schema theory

Answer 32

kane and sanchez

Question 33

what does kane and sanchez contradict

Answer 33

gender schema theory

Question 34

describe kane and sanchez

Answer 34

found that although many couples have strong views of the equality of the sexes, this rarely has an effect on their behaviour. this contradicts gender schema theory's idea that changing schemas will change behaviour.

Question 35

support for psychodynamic explanation

Answer 35

little hans

Question 36

what does little hans support

Answer 36

psychodynamic explanation

Question 37

describe little hans

Answer 37

hans was a five-year-old boy with a fear of horse. freud suggested that this fear was displaced from a fear of his father castrating him, due to his love for his mother.

Question 38

contradictory evidence for psychodynamic explanation

Answer 38

golombok, and green

Question 39

what does golombok contradict

Answer 39

psychodynamic

Question 40

what does green contradict

Answer 40

psychodynamic

Question 41

describe golombok

Answer 41

found that children raised in single parent families went on to develop normal gender identities.

Question 42

describe green

Answer 42

studied 37 children raised by gay or transgender parents and only one had a gender identity that wasn't typical

Question 43

support for SLT explanation

Answer 43

smith and lloyd

Question 44

what does smith and lloyd support

Answer 44

SLT explanation

Question 45

describe smith and lloyd

Answer 45

studied 4-6 month old babies who were dressed either as a boy or a girl and interacted with adults. when dressed as a boy, adults gave them male toys to play with, and vice versa. suggests that gender-appropriate behaviour is taught through differential reinforcement.

Question 46

contradictory evidence for SLT explanation

Answer 46

dubin

Question 47

what does dubin contradict

Answer 47

SLT explanation

Question 48

describe dubin

Answer 48

suggested that, although children may note the behaviour of same-sex role models at a young age, selection and imitation of these behaviours may not come until a later age.