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Physiology 502 > export_gi 1 > Flashcards

export_gi 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motility

A

controlled movement of substances through the guy

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2
Q

secretion

A

release of substance and fluids

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3
Q

digestion

A

break down food into molecular compents

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4
Q

absorption

A

movement of nutrients and water into body

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5
Q

5 processes of GI

A

1) digestion
2) secretion (into GI from blood)

3) absorption (into blood from GI)
4) motility
5) barrier

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6
Q

Folding of intestine increases ___ which increases ___

A

surface area, absorption

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7
Q

3 types of intestinal folding

A

1) plicae (sub and muc)
2) villi (muc)

3) microvilli

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8
Q

2 types of intestinal muscle

A

1) circular

2) longitudinal

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9
Q

layers of GI (inside to out)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa

3) muscularis externa
4) serosa

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10
Q

paneth cells

A

produce antimicrobial peptides

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11
Q

M cells and Peyer’s patches

A

sample luminal antigens and activate WBCs (in PP) in response to pathogens

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12
Q

barrier function of GI

A

1) mucus production
2) acid destroys microorganisms

3) produce antimicrobial peptides
4) activate WBCs
5) IgA production

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13
Q

3 phases of GI regulation

A

1) cephalic phase (head)
2) gastric (stomach)

3) intestinal (intestine)

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14
Q

enteric nervous system (ENS) innervates ___ and ___ (regions)

A

myenteric and submucosal plexus

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15
Q

ENS regulates ___, ___, ___

A

1) motility
2) secretion

3) hormone release

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16
Q

signals to GI can start in __ or __

A

CNS or ENS

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17
Q

long vs. short reflexes

A

long- through CNS –> nerve plexus in GI –> response in lumen
short- bypass CNS, stimulus in lumen –> signals nerve plexus –> triggers response

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18
Q

receptor types in the GI wall

A

chemo, osmo, mechano

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19
Q

saliva functions

A

1) lubrication
2) buffer to dilute spice/acid

3) partial digestion (amylase)
4) clean teeth/tissues
5) antibacterial/fungal (lysozyme, histatin)

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20
Q

areas of saliva release

A

1) parotid (25%)
2) submandibular (70%)

3) sublingual (5%)

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21
Q

cephalic-phase control of salivary secretion

A

taster –> tongue mechanos –> salivary center of medulla oblongata –> ANS –> salivation

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22
Q

saliva secretion hormone regulation

A

hormone’s don’t regulate saliva secretion

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23
Q

sight and smell of food stimulate cephalic phase through the ___

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth from no saliva (can lead to tooth decay)

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25
Sjogrens Syndrome
immune damage of acinar cells, or side effects of certain drugs
26
pharynx
throat | food enters
27
esophagus function
controls swallowing, doesn't contribute to digestion
28
3 phases of sawllowing
1) oral 2) pharyngeal 3) esophageal
29
what controls swallowing?
brain coordinates signal to pharynx, esophagus, and respiratory muscles
30
during pharyngeal phase: soft palate
pushed up to prevent entry into nasal cavity
31
epiglottis during pharyngeal phase
pushed down and glottis covers opening of trachea
32
phayngeal phase steps
1) soft palate up 2) epiglottis down 3) breathing inhibition 4) upper esophageal sphincter opens
33
esophageal phase
peristaltic contractions push food to stomach - controlled by ENS -contractions triggered by distension
34
muscles responsible for parstalsis
musularic externa (longitudinal and circular)
35
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
relaxes with contraction | -normally closed
36
receptive relaxation
stomach relax to inc volume (50-->1500ml)
37
stomach functions
1) secrete intrinsic factor for vit B12 absorption 2) store meal 3) regulate output to small intestine 4) mix with secretions to form chyme 5) destroy microorganisms
38
3 regions of stomach
1) fundus 2) body 3) antrum
39
function of stomach body
secrete mucus, pepsinogen, and HCl
40
function of antrum
secrete mucus, pepsinogen, and gastrin
41
pyloric sphincter
between the antrum and duodenum
42
3 types of gastric glands (gland region)
1) mucous neck cells 2) chief cells 3) parietal cells
43
regions of stomach (inside to out)
1) gastric lumen 2) gastric pit 3) gland region 4) muscularis mucosa
44
conversion of pepsinogen to ___
pepsin- HCl cleaves 44aa off 
45
active/inactive versions of pepsin(ogen)
- active- pepsin | - inactive-pepsinogen
46
Cells in stomach body, function, and destination
ECL cell- histamine- mucosa Parietal- HCl IF- lumen D cell- somatostatin- mucosa Chief- pepsinogen- lumen mucus- mucus- lumen
47
Cells in stomach antrum, function, and destination
G cell- gastrin- blood mucus- mucus- lumen D cell- somatostatin- mucosa
48
3 hormone and paracrine factors in gastic cells
histamine, gastrin, somatostatin
49
Inc enteric activity leads to:
+ gastrin secretion --> +his and +acid +histamine secretion +parietal cell acid secretion --> inc HCl
50
Effects of inc HCl
+somatostatin secretion --> -acid secretion | -gastrin secretion
51
Parietal cells effected (+/-) by: 
+gastrin +histamine +ACh -Somatostatin
52
Mechanisms of parietal cells:
secondary messengers activate H/K ATPase pumps, cells release acid
53
Chyme in the small intestine effects gastrin how?
decreases the secretion
54
inc symp/dec parasym effects stomach how?
dec gastric secretions
55
what turns on symp/off parasymp in long reflexes?
+acidity, +fat, +aas, distention, and hypertonicity in duodenum
56
short reflexes caused by what in duodenum?
+acid, +fat, +aas, hypertonicity, distention.. stim neural receptors --> dec gastric secretions inc enterogasterones --> inc plasma enterogasterones --> dec gastic secretions
57
acid blockers for acid reflux
- antacids (buffers H+) - histamines 2 receptor agonists (block hist signaling) -proton pump inhib (inhibits H/KATPase
58
what is an ulcer?
break in mucosal barrier due to acid and pepsin
59
what is helicobacrer pylori?
bacteria that causes chronic inflammation --> ulcer --> inc stomach cancer risk
60
aids of gastric motility:
1) mix food w/ secretions 2) regulate output of chyme to SI 3) peristaltic contractions 4) pacemaker cells 5) force contraction regulated 6) gastric phase regulation of motility via ENS and gastrin secretion
61
Retropulsion
* stomach | * move it back causing turbulance (mixing)  
62
slow wave oscillations
reach threshold briefly then long depolarization 
63
vomiting is controlled by
vomiting center in MO | -response to extensive distension, gagging, toxins, etc
64
excessive vomiting leads to:
dehydration, salt imbalance, dec blood volume, metabolic alkalosis (loss of H+)

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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