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export_gi 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

gastric secretion inhibitors:

A

1) neural inputs from ENS and CNS
2) cholecystokinin (CCK)

3) secretin

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2
Q

CCK

stimulus?

A
  • hormone released by I cells in upper part of SI

- FAs and AAs in duodenum

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3
Q

secretin

stimulus?

A
  • hormone released by S cells in upper part of SI

- acidity (low pH) in the duodenum

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4
Q

Short vs. Long Neural Reflex

A

SHORT: occurs completely within the wall of the GI tract
- Enteric nervous system can act WITHOUT CNS

input/output

LONG: involves output to CNS and input from CNS

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5
Q

parts of SI (high to low)

A

duodenum
jejunum

ileum

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6
Q

secreted by intestinal epithelial cells to create osmosis

A

1) sodium
2) Cl-

3) bicorbonate

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7
Q

anatomy of crypt:

A
  • invaginate into underlying lamina propria
  • transit-amplyfying cells
  • stem cells and Paneth cells
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8
Q

types of epithelial cells in SI and fxns

A

1) enterocyte- absorption and secretion
2) musuc (goblet)- secrete mucus

3) endocrine- CCK (I) and secretin (S)
4) paneth- anitmicrobial agents
5) stem- progenitor of epithelial cells

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9
Q

ever 3-5 days

A

SI epithelial surface replaces

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10
Q

what is brush border?

A

microvilli in intestinal lumen of absorptive cells (apical surface)

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11
Q

What is found inside the villi?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, smooth muscle, nerve fibers

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12
Q

2 types of motor activity and characterizations

A

1) fasting- postabsorptive- migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)- peristalsis
2) postprandial (after meal)- absorptive- segmentation- stationary contractions and relaxations

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13
Q

What is MMC?

A
  • short peristaltic waves
  • lower stomach down intestine

-sweeps undigestible material and bacteria through intestine

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14
Q

regulation of MMC

A
  • activated by motilin hormone via ENS and ANS

- inhibited by meal in stomach (changes to segmentation)

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15
Q

what is segmentation? and how is it regulated?

A

mixes chyme and brings into contact with intestinal epithelium
-regulated by pacemaker cells in smooth muscle layer (cells of Cajal), hormones, ENS, and ANS

  • gastroileal reflex stim segmentation intensity
  • parasymp- increases contraction force
  • syp- relaxes
  • after meal is absorbed it stops
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16
Q

fxn of pancreas during digestion

A

secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into SI

-insulin, glucagon, other hormones

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17
Q

composition of pancreas:

A

exocrine and endocrine (islets ~1-2%)

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18
Q

2 types of pancreatic cells and fxns

A

1) exocrine (acinar)- panc enzymes digst carbs, fats, proteins, and NAs
2) duct cells- bicarbonate to neut HCl from stomach into SI

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19
Q

regulation of pancreatic secretions:

A

1) neural- vagus nerve inputs
2) hormones (predominant)-

  • CCK- stim by fats and prots- affects acinar cells- release enzymes
  • secretin- stim by acid- affects duct cells- bicarbonate release- further effects CCK
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20
Q

effects of CCK after meal

A

meal–>inc CCK secreation–>inc plasma CCK–>inc pancreas enzyme secrection–>ince flow of enzymes into SA–>in digestion in SI

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21
Q

effects of CCK on secretin and vice versa

A

increases power of secretion of the other

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22
Q

pancreatic stim by long reflexes?

A

luminal acid and FAs stim secretions (CCK and secretin) through afferent long reflexes

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23
Q

effects of secretin after meal

A

meal–>inc secretin in SI–>inc plasma secretin–>inc pancreatic bicarbonate secretion–>inc bicarbonate in SI–>neutralize intestinal acid

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24
Q

duct cells release __ into lumen via the ___.

A

HCO3, Cl/HCO3 exchanger

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25
___ enters duct cells from blood through ___. while ___ is released into circulation
HCO3, Na/HCO3 cotransporter, H+ (Na/H exchanger)
26
what triggers HCO3 release in duct cells?
secretin
27
what innervates acinar cells?
vagus nerve
28
all nutrients except __ are first sent to the liver
fat
29
main fxn of liver
- metabolize/detox compound | - make bile
30
fxnal unit of liver
hepatic lobules
31
capillaries of liver
hepatic sinusoids
32
fxn of hepatic sinusoids?
bring bile back to liver for recycling
33
where is bile taken out of liver?
bile canalculi (form bile duct)
34
what is bile made of?
- phospholipids (lecithin) - bicarbonate - cholesterol - bile pigments - bile salts
35
what do hepatocytes synthesize?
bile salts (from cholesterol) and lechithin
36
where is bicarbonate released from?
duct cells
37
sphincter of oddi
where common bile duct enters duodenum
38
where is bile stored?
gallbladder
39
what stimulates release of CCK?
fatty acids
40
fxn of CCK
- stim gallbladder --> bile to duodenum | - relaxes sphincter of oddi to allow
41
what does secretin regulate? stimulated by?
- bicarbonate secretion | - acid
42
where (organs) is bicarbonate released from?
pancreas and bile duct
43
enterohepatic circulation
bile salts enter duodenum via oddi -bile salts back into circulation from ileum -returned to liver via hepatic portal vein
44
how is cholesterol excreted?
in bile
45
what role does fiber play in bile?
- binds to bile - bile not able to be recycles - inc bile in feces - dec plasma cholesterol (liver needs to make more)
46
bilirubin
- bile pigment | - made from hemoglobin of digested RBC
47
how is bilirubin excreted?
urine or feces
48
jaundice
- inc bilirubin in tissues, mucus membranes, and eyes | - blocked common bile duct
49
gallstones
- crystallized cholesterol | - when chol is too high relative to bile salts
50
large intestines anatomy
1) cecum 2) colon - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon 3) rectum
51
large intestine fxn
store and concentrate fecal material
52
secretions of LI
mucus, bicarb, K+
53
what causes fluid absorption in LI?
transport of Na+ into blood
54
ileocecal sphincter
- regulated chyme into cecum - keeps bact out of SI - ileal contractions relax it - LI distension contract it
55
motility of LI
slow segmentation (~1/30mins)
56
mass movement of LI
- coincides with gastroileal reflex | - smooth muscles remain contracted
57
segmental contractions regulated by
parasymp-inc | symp-dec
58
what triggers defecation
- feces in rectum | - parasymp reflexes
59
why is defecation voluntary?
internal (smooth) and external (skeletal) sphincters
60
diarrhea
- inc fluid secretion or dec absorption | - dietary intolerance, infections
61
meds for diarrhea
- relax intestine - allow more time for absorption -dec gastroileal reflex
62
cholera toxin
inc cAMP --> activate Cl- channels in SI --> Na and H2O follow osmosis
63
constipation
- dec motility of LI | - distension of rectum
64
laxatives
- fiber (inc stoll volume) - lubs (soften stool) - water retention - stimulants (inc motility)
65
IBD
- immune and tissue-repair response not working | - strictures caused by inflammation
66
crohn's disease
inflammation and thickening of GI wall | -leads to blockages
67
ulcerative colitis
- restricted colon | - disrupts mucosa (bleeding, edema, ulceration)
68
bacteroidetes vs firmicutes in lean/obese
lean: inc bact, dec firm obese: dec bact, inc firms

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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