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Physiology 502 > export_resp 12 > Flashcards

export_resp 12 Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

air exchange between atmosphere and alveoli

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2
Q

what are the pulmonary defenses?

A

mucus, cilia, immune cells

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3
Q

breakdown of airways

A

trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs

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4
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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5
Q

what secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells and mucus-secreting glands

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6
Q

what cells secrete surfactant?

A

type II on alveoli

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7
Q

pleural sac

A

double-walled structure surrounding each lung

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8
Q

intrapleural space

A
  • space between lung and thoracic wall

- contains intrapleural fluid

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9
Q

elastic recoil

A

tendency for lungs to want to pull in

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10
Q

transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

A

difference in P between alveolar P and intraplural P

-pushed outward on lung wall

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11
Q

transrespiratory pressure (Prs)

A

pressure diff between alveolar P and atmospheric P

-determines airflow

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12
Q

transmural pressure across chest wall (Pcw)

A

P difference between intraplural P and atmospheric P

-F pushing on chest wall

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13
Q

inspiratory muscles

A

diaphragm, external intercostals

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14
Q

expiratory muscles (when not passive)

A

abs, internal intercostals

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15
Q

how does diaphragm cause inspiration?

A

diaphragm contract –> inc thoracic volume –> dec thoracic P –> inspiration

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16
Q

tests to measure lungs

A
  • amount of air lungs can hold

- residual volume

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17
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air in lungs after max inhale and exhale

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18
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled during relaxed breathing

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19
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air in lungs after max expiration

-keeps alveoli inflated

20
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of air in lungs after relaxed expiration

21
Q

what is anatomic dead space?

A

volume in airways left over from preceding breath

22
Q

what type of breath increases alveolar ventilation?

A

deep breath

23
Q

tidal volume

A

volume per breath

24
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

tidal volume minus dead space

25
Q

alveolar dead space

A

no blood or air supply

26
Q

what determines volume of air moved during ventilation?

A

1) Ptp
2) compliance (lung elasticity)

2) airway resistance

27
Q

low lung compliance=

A
  • stiff
  • difficult to expand
  • high surface tension (low surfactant)
28
Q

emphysema

A

-high compliance (floppy) lung

29
Q

what determines compliance?

A

1) elastic lung tissue

2) surface tension

30
Q

what causes surface tension?

A

forces acting on water at surface of alveoli

31
Q

surfactant

A
  • phospholipids and proteins
  • secreted by type II cells

-lowers surface tension

32
Q

what determines airway resistance?

A

size of airway

33
Q

what determines flow rate?

A
  • pressure

- resistance*

34
Q

as number of airways inc, total resistance ____

A

decreases (even though individual airways increase)

35
Q

why doesnt resistance limit air flow?

A
  • lateral traction (pulled open when alveoli expand)

- pranspulm pressure (acts outward and pulls them open)

36
Q

what signals to airway resistance?

A
  • inc parasymp and inflammation

- dec by CO2 and epinephrine

37
Q

when is resistance greatest?

A

expiration and low lung volumes

38
Q

what increases mucus secretion and airway contractions?

A
  • parasym

- paracrines (hisamine)

39
Q

what causes airway dilation?

A
  • epinephrine

- PCO2 in alveoli

40
Q

asthma effects

A
  • elasticity
  • surface tension

-resistance

41
Q

asthma therapies

A
  • reduce inflammation

- bronchiodilators

42
Q

emphysema

A
  • destroyed alveolar walls (dec surface area)
  • airway collapse
  • destroyed pulmonary capilalries
  • inc resistance (dec recoil and lateral traction)
43
Q

bronchitis

A
  • excessive mucus
  • inflammation

-inc resistance

44
Q

COPD

A

emphysema and bronchitis

45
Q

fibrosis

A
  • inc connective tissue stiffens lungs
  • unable to expand alveoli
  • lung volumes dec
  • inc diffusion distance
  • R unchanges/slight dec

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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