Extenstions of Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
(23 cards)
If an individual has two copies of the same form of a gene, these two genes are _____ (identical genes) (GG,gg)
Non-allelic
Two genes to be considered alleles they must map to the same ____ (same position on homologous chromosome )
Locus
Individual has two variations of a gene, the two genes are said to be ____
Allelic
Mutant allele with the effect of either the absence of gene or product or the absence of genes product function. (Usually recessive)
Null allele
Refers to the phenotype of the most common form of a species as it occurs in nature
Wild type
Neither one of the contrasting traits is dominant. Phenotype of heterozygous individual is an intermediate of the two contrasting traits
Incomplete dominance (partial dominance)
Frequency with which individuals of a given genotype manifest at least some degree of the trait
Penetrance
Degree or range in which a phenotype for a given traits is expressed. Example is all three flies are homozygous for recessive _____ eyeless mutant allele but shoe different degrees of Eye reduction
Expressivity
______: A gene that is necessary for growth to a fertile adult. Products of essential genes are necessary for survival, and their absence results in ______
Essential gene, lethality
If a gene product is necessary for survival but a single copy of the gene can provide sufficient amount, a null allele behaves as a _____ (homozygous die by the heterozygous survive)
Recessive lethal
Mode of inheritance in which the phenotypic effects of two allelic genes are fully and simulatenaously expressed in the heterozygous individuals.
Codominance
Are carbohydrate groups that are bound to lipids on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
A and B antigens
Are controlled by the I^A and I^B alleles of the ABO locus on chromosome 9. Both alleles are present in an individual, two antigens will be present
A and B antigens
H gene product is an enzyme that adds a fucose to the comped H precursor to yield compound ____, then I^A product adds terminal N-acetygalactoseamine to the H substance to yield _____. The I ^B gene product adds a terminals galactose to the H substance to yield ______
H, A antigen, B antigen
H is a ____ allele
Dominate
The null allele h is _____
Recessive
-no H enzyme
-fucose is not added to the H substance
_enzymes I^A and I^B can not recognize the substrate
-O phenotype regardless of genotypes on the ABO locus
Bombay phenotype
When the effect of one gene masks or modifies the effect of another gene
Epistasis
The _____locus alters the phenotype expression of the _____locus. Result is modified by Mendelian dyhybrid ratios. The hh genotype is ____ over I^A or I^B
Epistatic, hypostatic, epistatic
Erythrocytes with type A surface antigens and plasma with anti B antibodies
Antigen A
Erythrocytes with type B surface antigens and plasma with anti A antibodies
Antigen B
Erythrocytes with both type A and type B surface antigens and plasma with neither anti A nor anti B
Type AB
Erythrocytes with neither type A nor type B surface antigens, but plasma with both anti A and B antibodies
Neither antigen A or B
