Mitosis and Meisos Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
G1+S+G2 (part eukaryotic cell division cycle)
A
Interphase
2
Q
DNA that is closely associated with a special class of proteins, the histones to form tightly packed _______.
A
Chromosomes
3
Q
Cell division (mitosis + cytokinesis)-(part eukaryotic cell division cycle)
A
M-phase
4
Q
DNA replication (part eukaryotic cell division cycle)
A
S-phase (synthesis)
5
Q
Name 2: Cell growth (part eukaryotic cell division cycle)
A
G1 & G2 (Gap 1&2)
6
Q
Cell may exit the division cycle at _______ and go into _____ to become a non dividing cell
A
- G1
- G0
7
Q
At the end of mitosis and during G1: each chromosome consists of a _______ DNA molecule
A
Single
8
Q
After S-phase and during G2: each chromosome consist of ____ DNA molecules.
A
Two (two sister chromatids)
9
Q
Eukaryotes has _______
A
- membrane bounded organelles and a cytoskeleton
- nucleus
- large cell diameter from 10-100
- genome-multiple linear DNA molecules
- DNA complexed histones
- large amount of DNA
10
Q
Region of chromosomes in which sister chromatids are joined (also present between DNA replication)
A
Centromere
11
Q
Stable ends of linear chromosomes
A
Telomeres
12
Q
At times, a chromosome consists of _____, or other times consists of ______.
A
Single, two (sister)
13
Q
Period between cell divisions, cell grows, develops and functions. Critical events necessary for cell division, also takes place.
A
Interphase
14
Q
Active cell division. Mitosis: process of nuclear division. Cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division.
A
Mitotic phase
15
Q
Prior to cell division, ______ condenses into visible chromosome due to the tightening of interactions between DNA and ____ proteins (histones).
A
Chromatin, “
16
Q
Sequence that encodes a trait is called ______
A
DNA
17
Q
One copy of genetic material subdivided into chromosome
A
Haploid (N)
18
Q
Two copies of genetic material subdivided into chromosomes.
A
Diploid (2N)
19
Q
Are chromosomes with identical length and centromere location
A
Homologous chromosomes
20
Q
Contain same genes but not necessarily identical DNA sequences. Some of their genes may be _____.
A
Allelic
21
Q
Humans have ____ chromosomes
A
26
22
Q
A diploid organism has two sets of chromosomes organized as _______ pairs.
A
Homologous
23
Q
Alternative forms of a gene is found at the same position of homologous chromosomes.
A
Alleles
24
Q
Meta centric means ____
A
Middle
25
Submetacentric means _____
Between middle and end
26
Acrocentric means
Close to end
27
Telocentric means
At end
28
p arm is:
("Petite") short arm of the chromosome
29
q arm is:
Long arm, always shown below the centromere
30
Fibers of decondensed DNA chromosomes. Occurs during nondivisional phases of the cell cycle.
Chromatin
31
1-Before DNA replication: single molecule of DNA.
2-Following DNA replication in preparation for cell division: chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids, which contain identical DNA sequences
Chromosomes
32
Highest level of DNA condensation occurs during _____ of cell division
Metaphase
33
A human ________ shows all 22 homologous pairs of ______ (non-sex determining) chromosomes plus the pairs of sex chromosomes. Total 23 homologous pairs.
- karotype
| - autosomal
34
When a cell contains homologous chromosomes in pairs: _____
Diploid (2n)
35
Single set of chromosomes (no pairs)
Haploid (1n)
36
Polyploid is :
3n, 4n, 5n, etc.
37
Aneuploid
None
38
Duplication of the chromosomes (result: sister chromatids)
DNA replication
39
Division of the nucleus
Mitosis
40
Division of the cytoplasm (rest of the cell)
Cytokinesis
41
Embryonic tissue can have cells with multiple
Nuclei
42
"Hela cells"
Samples of cancer cells used today from 1951. Chromosomes anuploiding-they do not look like they originally did.
43
Mitosis-is it possible to occur in haploid cells?
Yes, Yeast: no pairs of chromosomes
44
During mitosis, spindle micro tubules are attached to centromeres, and sister chromatids are _______.
Segregated
45
Mitosis phase? the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes (with the help of histone proteins)
Prophase
46
Mitosis phase? the nuclear envelope disintegrates, the mitosis spindle (micro tubules) attach to the centromeres of the chromatids, and the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
Pro metaphase/metaphase
47
Mitosis phase? the chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle.
Anaphase
48
Mitosis phase? The chromatids are segregated and their DNA decondenses. The chromatids become the chromosomes of the daughter cells.
Telophase
49
Nuclear envelope may or may not dissolve during ________.
Prophase
50
Progression through cell division cycle may be halted at _____ due to DNA damage, incomplete DNA replication, insufficient cell size, or incomplete mitotic spindle formation.
Checkpoints
51
Cycle is resumed after problems are ________.
Fixed
52
Cell may exit to _____ in response to outside signals
G0
53
If cell damage is too extensive, the cell may be induced to ______
Die
54
Cell division controls are defective leads to uncontrolled cell _______ (tumors, cancer)
Proliferation
55
During G1, cells _____
Grow
56
Cells may enter ____, a non-dividng phase
G0
57
After the G1/S checkpoint, the cell is committed to _____.
Dividing
58
In S, DNA _______.
duplicated
59
G2, the cell prepares for ______
Mitosis
60
After the G2/M checkpoint, the cell can ______.
Divide
61
Mitosis and cytokinesis (cell division) take place in ____ phase.
M
62
Outcomes of mitosis of a diploid cell
1-two diploid (2n) daughters cells (same chromosomal content of the original cell)
2-each chromosome consist of a single DNA molecule
63
Special type of cell division cycle that occurs during the generation of gametes (sperm and egg) or spores
Meiosis
64
Meiosis of two rounds of cell division have an outcome of
4 haploid (1n) cells
65
Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ____. During anaphase, chromosomes are disjoined and chromatids are ____ to daughter cells.
Do not pair, segregated
66
Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair to form _____ during prophase 1. In anaphase 1, the tetrads are disjoined and the homologous chromosomes are segregated to _____ cells. In anaphase 2, chromosomes are disjoined and _____ are segregated to daughter cells.
- tetrads
- daughter
- segregated
67
1st division in Meiosis is reductional.
____are disjoined.
Outcome _____
Homologous chromosomes (with 2 chromatids each) are ____ to daughter cells.
Numbers of chromosomes in daughter cells is ____ the original.
- Tetrads
- dyads
- segregated
- half
68
2nd division in meiosis is equatorial.
Resembles _____.
Chromosomes are ______.
Chromatids are _____ to _____cells
- Mitosis
- disjoined
- segregated, daughter
69
Outcome of meiosis
4 haploid (1n) cells
70
Life cycle of yeast- S. cerevisiae can exist in ____ forms, which are ____ or _____. Both types can proliferate by ____ cell division. Two haplophase cells of opposite mating types may fuse to form one _____cell. Environmental condition deteriorate, diplophase cells may undergo meiosis (sporulation) to generate ____ spores inside and ascus that remain _____. When conditions improve, ascus germinates to release ____ haplophase cells.
- 2 forms
- diploid, haploid
- mitotic
- diplophase
- four
- dormant
- four
71
Mitotic cell division: Cell divides to generate _____ cells with the same chromosomal content of the original _____ cell.
Dividing cell may have ____ chromosomal content.
Two daughter, parent, any
72
Meiosis: a cell undergoes two round of cell division to generate _____cells with ____ the chromosomal content of the original ____ cell. Dividing cell must have an ____ number of homologous ____sets.
Daughter, half, parent
| Even, haploid
73
Equal cytokinesis and outcome of 4 gametes (sperm)
Spermatogenesis
74
Unequal cytokinesis. One cell (egg) receives all of the cytoplasm. Rest of the cells become polar bodies.
Oogenesis
75
Closely related species have similar genes and genome sizes but may have very different chromosomal numbers. If members of these. Two species interbreed, mitotic divisions may generate a viable adult but due to the presence of 2 copies of each relevant gene, the hybrid will be ____ due to meiosis failure. Chromosomal cannot pair up.
Sterile
76
Meiosis fails in organism that do not contain a chromosome complement consisting of an _____ number of homologous haploid sets. Such organisms can produce ____ gametes because no successful pairing of every chromosomes can occur
During prophase 1 of meiosis. Example: mules are result of cross between female horse and make donkey with ____ chromosomes. Seedless watermelons cross with tetraploid plant and diploid plant and give rise to _____. These hybrids are sterile.
- even
- no
- odd
- triploid
77
Non disjunction of chromosomes may occur at the ____ or ____ meiotic division. Chromosomes or chromatids do not separate during _____. Both chromosomes migrated to the same _____. After fusion with a normal gamete, ____ or ____ progenies may occur
- 1st or 2nd
- anaphase
- gamete
- trisomic and monosomic
78
Syndrome ?- non disjunction of chromosome 21. Result is trisomy-21. And trisomy X also exists.
Down syndrome
79
Syndrome ?- Complete X chromosome monosomy (X0)
Turner syndrome
80
Syndrome ?- loss of a small portion of the small arm of chromosome 5. Results in partial monosomy (46-5p). Humans with complete autosomal monosomies do not survive
Cri-du-chat syndrome
81
Mendel used this plant. Easy to grow. Grows and reproduces in a single season. Self fertilizing, cross fertilization
Pisium sativum (garden pea)
82
DNA begins to partially condense with help of histones proteins
Leptotene
83
Homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads (bivalents). The synaptonemal complex forms
Zygotene
84
Condensation continues and sister chromatids of chromosomes are visible. DNA exchange occurs (crossing over)
Patchytene
85
Homologous chromosomes begin to pull apart. Chiasmata become visible; regions in which DNa exchange occurred
Diplotene
86
Chromosomes pull further apart. Further condensation occurs
Diakinesis
