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VMS 2007 > External and Middle Ear Pathology > Flashcards

External and Middle Ear Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Otitis Externa?

A
  • Inflammation of the external ear pinna- extends to ear canal above the tympanic membrane
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2
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of otitis externa?

A
  • Reddening of the pinna
  • Swelling or thickening
  • Heat
  • Extreme pain
  • Ear scratching
  • Head shaking
  • Hair loss
  • black waxy/ pus
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4
Q

What bacteria are important?

A
  • Rods but they are not normally expected as commensals
  • have significant AMR properties

culture and sensitivity is always warranted with rods

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5
Q

When are cocci interpreted?

A
  • Numbers
  • Clinical signs
  • Inflammation can be variable
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6
Q

Where would you expect to see dog fleas?

A
  • Expect to see on the tailbase, possibly thighs, flank and other areas
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7
Q

Where would you expect to see cat fleas?

A
  • Cats can develop military dermatitis on the back, neck and face
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8
Q

What is a demodex mite?

A

‘cigar-shaped’ mite
* clinical presentation is often alopecia around eyes and ears but may be more extensive

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9
Q

What is the most common otodectes?

A

otodectes cyanotis

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10
Q

What is Neotrombicula autumnalis

A

»“Harvest mites”
»May cause otic pruritus
»Orange mites
»Generally present in
Henry’s pocket

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of otitis media?

A
  • Possible facial nerve paralysis
  • constriction of pupil
  • drooping of eyelid
  • sinking of eyeball into the orbital cavity
  • Head tilt
  • Coordination issues
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12
Q

What is guttural pouch tympany?

A

Pouch filled with air

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13
Q

What is a guttural pouch empyema?

A

Pus in a cavity

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14
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflamation?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Heat
  3. Reddening
  4. Loss of fuction
  5. Swelling
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15
Q

How could you take an ear swab?

A
  1. Moisten the swab with sterile water
  2. Gently rotate within the ear canal
  3. leave the slide unstained in order to check for ectoparasites
  4. Stain/ Examine for bacteria and Yeast
  5. Swab both ears individually
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16
Q

What may a swab from an ear without active infection contain?

A

squames and keratin debris

17
Q

What are the two main points surrounding sarcoptes scabei?

A
  • Pruritic
  • Zoonotic
18
Q

What mite is more common in cats than sarcoptes scabei?

A

Notoedres cati

19
Q

In what species is otodectes cyanotis most commonly noted?

A

dogs and cats

20
Q

What is otodectes typically accompanied by?

A

brown waxy discharge similiar to coffee grounds

21
Q

Where is otodectes prominantly found?

A

within the ear canal, uncommon to be anywhere else

22
Q

What psoroptes is usually associated with rabbits?

A

psoroptes cuniculi

23
Q

What psoroptes causes widespread lesions noted in other species?

A

psoroptes ovis

24
Q

What are the signs of potential facial nerve paralysis?

A
  • Constriction of pupils
  • Drooping of eyelids
  • Sinking of eyeball into orbital cavity
  • Protrusion of third eyelid
25
Q

What is guttural pouch mycosis?

A
  • Fungi sitting along a carotid artery
  • Carotid artery erosion
  • Haemorrhage
26
Q

What does PSPP stand for?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Perpetuating
  • Predisposing
27
Q

Give soem examples of primary causes of otitis

A
  • Allergies
  • Parasites
  • foreign bodies
  • Immune-mediated
  • Pyoderma
28
Q

Give some examples of secondary causes of otitis

A
  • Bacteria
  • Yeast
29
Q

Give some examples of perpetuating causes of otitis

A
  • Ear canal stenosis
  • Ulceration
  • Otitis media
  • Ear cartilage
  • Mineralisation
30
Q

Give some examples of predisposing causes of otitis

A
  • Conformation
  • Humidity
  • Inaproppriate cleaning
  • Irritant treatments
  • Systemic disease
31
Q

How would you take an ear swab?

A
  • Moisten a cotton bud with sterile water
  • Gently rotate within the ear canal
  • Roll the swab along the slide to make ‘streaks’
  • Stain and examine for bacteria
  • Swab both ears individually
32
Q

What is considered to be abnormal on an ear swab?

A
  • Inflammatory cells are abnormal
  • however not all otitis cytology may yield inflammatory cells
  • inflammatory cells indicate a pathological disease
33
Q

What is the most common fungus seen in the ear?

A

Malassezia- broad-based budding

34
Q

What is a lesser common yeast seen in the ear?

A

Candida= narrow based budding

35
Q

What may you need to collect in order to see mites?

A

deep skin scrapes with ‘capillary ooze’
then suspend these scrapes in mineral oil

36
Q

What are neotrombicula autumnalis and where are they generally present?

A
  • Harvest mites (orange)
  • cause otic puritis
  • generally present in henrys pocket
37
Q

What else can we test for?

A
  • Haematology/ Biochemistry to identify underlying disorders
  • Endocrine testing
  • Mineral levels (zinc)
  • Allergy levels
38
Q

What is canine leishmaniasis?

A
  • Causes lesions focused around the ears
  • May be due to a more generalised lesion however

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

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