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VMS 2007 > Neuropathology: Infection and Inflammation > Flashcards

Neuropathology: Infection and Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the blood-brain barrier?

A

brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes

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2
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

maintains the neural microenvironment by regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the brain and any microorganisms/ toxins circulating in the blood

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3
Q

What is the haematogenous spread of infection?

A

Bacteria with a direct cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells on the BBB

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4
Q

What is the retrograde spread of infection?

A

Spread along axons of olfactory neurons or axons of the peripheral/ cranial nerves

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5
Q

What does bacterial infection pathology usually look like?

A

usually charcterised by neutrophils

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6
Q

What is the most common meningitis?

A

leptomeningitis

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7
Q

What is meningitis most common in?

A

neonatal pigs, lambs, calves, goat kids and foals

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8
Q

What may a space occupying lesion lead to?

A

cerebellar coning

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9
Q

What is the name of a bacterial disease that can spread systemically and cause bacteraemia/ septic embolism that can then spread to the brain

A

purulent encephalitis/ malacia

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10
Q

When does septic embolism/ thromboembolism to the brain occur?

A

May occur in severe bacteraemia when the blood swarms with bacteria

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11
Q

What is the outcome of septic embolism

A

Cerebral abscess
Cerebral infarcts

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12
Q

What bacteria causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

Histophilus somni (Gram-Neg coccobacillus)

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13
Q

What does thrombotic meningoencephalitis look like grossly?

A

multifocal haemorrhage on the surface and cut sections of the brain

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14
Q

What does thrombotic meningoencephalitis look like microscopically?

A

Haemorrhages and thrombosis with neutrophillic infiltrates

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15
Q

What is the listeriosis route of infection?

A

Trigeminal neuritis
* penetrates damaged oral mucosa
* ascends the axons of the trigeminal nerve
* unilateral microabscessation in the medulla oblongata with inflammation

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16
Q

What are the CNS features of canine distemper?

A
  • Non-Suppurative encephalitis
  • Demyelination
  • Secondary gliosis
  • inclusion bodies (cytoplasmic and nuclear)
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17
Q

What are the 4 main routes of infection?

A
  1. Haematogenous
  2. Retrograde Spread
  3. Direct Implantation
  4. Direct Spread of Infection from other sites
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18
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain

19
Q

What is Myelitis?

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

20
Q

What is Encephalomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

21
Q

What is ependymitis?

A

Inflammation of the ependyma

22
Q

What is choroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the choroid plexus of the ventricles

23
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges

24
Q

What is leptomeningitis?

A

Inflammation of the leptomeninges

25
Q

What is pachymeningitis?

A

Inflammation of the pachymeninges

26
Q

When may a septic embolism occur?

A

Severe bacteraemias when the blood swarms with bacteria

outcome = septic abscess or cerebral infarct

27
Q

What bacteria causes Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis?

A

Histophilus Somni

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of listeria monocytogenes?

A
  • Penetrates the damaged oral mucosa
  • ascends axons of the trigeminal nerve
  • causes trigeminial neuritis and ganglioneuritis
29
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • Resident phagocytes
  • Similiar to macrophages- removal of individual neurons
30
Q

What do astrocytes react to?

A

They react non-specifically to many stimuli

31
Q

What are the four main routes of infection?

A
  1. Haematogenous
  2. Retrograde spread
  3. Direct implantation
  4. Direct spread from other sites
32
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain

33
Q

What is myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

34
Q

What is encephalomyelitis?

A

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What is the portal of entry of meningitis bacteria

E.coli, Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Salmonella

A
  • Oropharyngeal
  • Respiratory
  • Umbilicus
  • Superficial wounds
36
Q

What are the usual histological features of Viral Infections?

A
  • Neuronal necrosis
  • Chromatolysis
  • Inclusion bodies
37
Q

What are three ways viruses reach the CNS

most are part of systemic infections

A
  • Systemic infection
  • display neurotropism
  • Reach teh CNS haematogenously
  • Peripheral nerves e.g rabies
  • Extension from the nasal cavity to the brain
38
Q

Name three equine viral diseases

A
  • Bornavirus
  • West Nile Virus
  • Herpesvirus
39
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tachyzoites?

A
  • they reach the CNS via the bloodstream
  • Intracellular replication
  • haemorrhage and inflammation
40
Q

What is granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

A
  • T-medaited delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction
  • occurs in toy poodles and terriors
41
Q

Necrotisisng meningoencephalitis

non-infectious encephalitides

A
  • occurs in pugs, maltese and chihuahua
  • autoimmune disease
  • grey matter of the cerebral cortex
42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A
  • Bacterial lipoligosaccharides interact with platelets and endothelial cells-> causing vasculitis, thrombosis and septic infarct
43
Q

What does listeriosis cause in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • microabscesation
  • inflammation of the overlying leptomeninges#
  • extension into the adjacent pons/ cranial cervical spinal cord

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

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