Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VMS 2007 > Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major endocrine cells found in the pancreas?

A
  • glucagon
  • insulin
  • somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What stimulates an insulin increase?

A
  • Amino acids/ fatty acids
  • Gastrointestinal hormones
  • parasympathetic system
  • increase in glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What may cause a decrease in insulin secretion?

A
  • Stress
  • Symapthetic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs when there is an increase in plasma gluocse?

A
  • stimulation of beta cells
  • increase of insulin
  • at the liver -> glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is type I diabetes?

A

an absolute deficiency of insulin
destruction or loss of function of pancreatic B cells
most often seen in canine patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is type II diabetes?

A

Lack of insulin action/ response to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can you define diabetes?

A

high and persistent hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes glucotoxicity?

A

Persistent hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does hyperglycaemia cause increased polyuria?

A
  • increased blood glucose leads to dehydration
  • stimulation of ADH and thirst reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is GLUT-4?

A

Glucose transporter responsible for glucose uptake into fat and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stimulates a glucagon release?

A
  • decrease in glucose
  • increase in amino acids
  • increase in cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three ways that catecholamines act on the glucose pathway?

A
  • Primarily inhibiting insulin secretion
  • B2 adrenergic stimulus
  • A2 adrenergic stimulus increases release of GH stimulaating hormones
  • GH stimulates glucose uptake by cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is type I diabetes usually preceded by?

A

a period of pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of insulin resistance?

A

B-cell growth and proliferation- hyperinsulinaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of oxidative stress?

A

B-cell failure, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of glucotoxicity?

A
  • Oxidative stress
  • ER stress
  • Hypoxic stress
  • Cytokine induction
17
Q

What needs to be lost for type II diabetes to develop?

A

Loss of beta cells
* causes an increased demand for insulin
* leads to increased production of islet amyloid polypeptide

18
Q

How can lack of insulin explain weight loss?

A

results in un-opposed adipose tissue lipolysis and muscle proteolysis, resulting in weight loss

19
Q

What is the effect of uncontrolled oxidation of fatty acids?

A
  • very high ketone production
  • resulting in ketoacidosis
  • ketoacidosis is then a fatal consequence of uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes
20
Q

What receptor is glucose reabsorbed through?

A

SGLT-2

21
Q

What does glucose cause an increase of within the kidney tubule?

A

increase in osmotic pressure, increasing the urine output
glucosuria is also linked to increased incidence of UTI

22
Q

Explain ketoacidosis as a result of diabetes

A
  • Not enough insulin, body cannot use glucose as an energy store
  • Therefore the body breaks down ketones
  • Ketoacidosis
  • Increased thirst and urination as the body attempts to expel ketones from the body
23
Q

What is the function of kussmaul respiration?

A
  • H+ acid gain
  • Overwhelms the normal buffering system
  • Body must therefore lose acid
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Renal loss
  • Vomiting
24
Q

What is the polyol pathway?

A
  • Increased glucose leaves to increased sorbitol
  • Sorbitol= osmotic damage and cell death
  • SDH can convert sorbitol into fructose
25
Q

Where in the body is the SDH enzyme not present?

A

Not present in the lens, retina, nephron and neurone

26
Q

How does excess glucose cause blurred vision?

A
  • Glucose is driven towards sorbitol formation
  • osmotic stress
  • lens swelling
  • myopic change
  • vacuole formation
  • opacification
  • diabetic cataract
27
Q

What are the macrovacular complications of diabetes?

A

Athersclerotic plaque
* coronary arteries
* cerebral arteries
* peripheral vessels

28
Q

What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?

A

Capillary damage
* retinopathy
* neuropathy
* nephropathy

29
Q

What does hyperglycaemia cause?

in terms of vascular damage

A

increased blood flow to capillaries
thickening and altered composition of the basement membrane

30
Q

What does increased vascular permeability cause?

A

Capillaries become leaky and dont function properly
accumulation of debris within vessels

31
Q

Explain the process of retinopathy

A
  • Degeneration and loss of pericytes
  • Capillary wall weakening
  • plasma leakage -> retinal edema -> hard exudate
32
Q

How does hyperglycaemia damage nerves?

A
  • neural and vascular cells do not require insulin for glucose uptake
  • Hyperglycaemia leads to accumulation of sorbitol and fructose
  • damage to schwann cells and pericytes

leads to plantigrade stance

33
Q

How does cortsiol increase blood glucose?

A
  • Increases gluconeogenesis
  • Creating a state of insulin resistance
34
Q
A

VMS 2007 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions