Extinction

Question 1

what does extinction aim to do

Answer 1

reduce responding
reverse the effects of acquisition

Question 2

T.F. extinction means that there is a perfect reversal of acquisition

Answer 2

F

Question 3

when does extinction occur

Answer 3

when situation no longer produces outcome
pavlovian: CS presented without UCS (bell without food)
instrumental: no reinforcement after response (press lever, but no food)

Question 4

what is the name for what occurs when there is an extinction in responding

Answer 4

extinction curves

Question 5

what occurs with extinction according to the rescorla-wagner model

Answer 5

unlearning of conditioning

Question 6

T.F. the loss of responding from extinction is pretty much the same as the result of forgetting

Answer 6

F

Question 7

how are extinction and forgetting different

Answer 7

extinction: active process, omission of an expected US or reinforcer
forgetting: decline of responding that could occur with the passing of time. doesnt require nonreinforcement of the CS/instrumental response

Question 8

is extinction more like unlearning or a new learning

Answer 8

new learning, learning a new rule on top of an old one, light = no food RN, but if it starts again, they remembered

Question 9

what happens if CB1 receptors respond to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids

Answer 9

block extinction but not learning

Question 10

which agents block extinction but not learning

Answer 10

CB1 receptors responding to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids

Question 11

forgetting or extinction can be due to a lack of consolidation

Answer 11

forgetting

Question 12

forgetting or extinction is sensitive to interference

Answer 12

forgetting, remembering something similar, blocks memory formation

Question 13

what developments have stemed from the discovery of extinction

Answer 13

therapeutic treatment, exposure therapy, treat phobias, anxiety, addiction

Question 14

T.F.therapeutic treatment with extinction only applies to pavlovian associations and only aversive conditioning

Answer 14

F. pavlovian and intrumental, aversive and appetitive

Question 15

how is extinction used in exposure therapy

Answer 15

exposure to cues that elicit fear in the absence of the aversive US
use virtual reality to expose to freaful stim in safe environment
extinguish ability of drug-related cues to trigger craving/relapse

Question 16

extiction may reduce responding, but can increase _____ ______

Answer 16

response variability

Question 17

what is repsonse variability during extinciton

Answer 17

slightly changing repsonse to make it work again

Question 18

T.F. response variability is only observed if overall responding goes up

Answer 18

F. overall response could go down, but observe response variability

Question 19

what is an modern-day example of extiction that could result in response variability

Answer 19

ghosting, try texting more, try texting other things, try to see them in person…

Question 20

what can be accompanied with extinction when no reward is obtained

Answer 20

extinction burst: frustration for the absence of the reward that leads to aggression

Question 21

what is an example of an extinction burst

Answer 21

hitting computer when its not loading

Question 22

what was the experiment on extinciton burst with pigeons

Answer 22

1 pigeon given food, other restrained
when extinction, rewarded P attacked innocent P

Question 23

why does an extinguished response often reappear

Answer 23

because extinction doesnt erase original learning

Question 24

what can be problematic in bhv for therapeutic applications wanting to eliminate undesired bhv

Answer 24

extinguished responses can reapear

Question 25

in what ways can a return of responding after extinciton come

Answer 25

spontaneous recovery, renewal, reinstatement

Question 26

the decline in conditioned bhv that occurs with extinction ______ with time

Answer 26

dissipates

Question 27

what can cause responding to return after extinction

Answer 27

pause / rest period after training

Question 28

what is the name for a return of responding caused by a pause in extinction training

Answer 28

spontaneous recovery, nothing is done in rest period to produce recovery

Question 29

what is renewal

Answer 29

recovery of conditioned responding when contextual cues from extinction training are changed ex: stop taking drug in therapy/rehab, all ok, but then take them when home

Question 30

in renewal effect, the context can be seen as _______ _____ for reinforcement vs extinction

Answer 30

occasion setter

Question 31

if conditioned in A, extinguished in B, and tested in C what could happen

Answer 31

renewal could appear, renewal is not only due to excitatory effects of A, but absence of B

Question 32

what are the implications of renewal regarding clinical improvement

Answer 32

improvement at therapy may not persist when return in other environment original acquisition learning excitatory effects are generalize more than inhibitory effect of extinction training

Question 33

according to renewal, what can happen with pathological fear

Answer 33

can spread to other contexts

Question 34

which have more widespread effects, problems created by conditioning or solutions/remedies for those problems

Answer 34

the problems if overcome fear, benefit doesnt transfer as easily to new situations

Question 35

what is reinstatement

Answer 35

recovery of conditioned bhv occuring when individual encounters the UCS again

Question 36

when is reinstatement observed

Answer 36

with trauma, drug/relapse

Question 37

explain reinstatement with drugs

Answer 37

free dose of cocaine produces sudden reinstatement of cocaine-seeking

Question 38

T.F. reinstatement with drugs is dose-dependent

Answer 38

T. big dose = big urge for drug-seeking

Question 39

can reinstatement occur in presence of CS, but the absence of UCS

Answer 39

yes, cue-induced reinstatement ex: seeing drug dealer?

Question 40

why does extinction have limited success in treating addiction

Answer 40

cue-induced reinstatement

Question 41

what is one way to enhance extinction in therapy

Answer 41

more extinction trials = more profound decrease in responding

Question 42

what does the pattern of the extinction trials affect

Answer 42

formation and persistence of the memory

Question 43

give an example of massed and spaced trials within session, btw sessions

Answer 43

within: m= every 6 secs ; s= every 600secs btw: m= 100 trials in 1 day ; s= 10trials in 10 days

Question 44

massed and spaced trials give similar effects to those seen with _________

Answer 44

habituation

Question 45

massed of spaced produce more pronounced extinction

Answer 45

mass

Question 46

massed of spaced is more likely to have spontaneous recovery

Answer 46

massed

Question 47

massed of spaced have more enduring extinction

Answer 47

spaced

Question 48

massed of spaced is more immune to recovery

Answer 48

spaced

Question 49

which is more affective in losing the conditioned bhv: extinction immediately after learning or 1 day after

Answer 49

immediately

Question 50

why would extinction be best right after learning conditioned bhv compared to later

Answer 50

interferes with consolidation process

Question 51

what is a risk to using immediate extinction

Answer 51

more likely to have spontaneous recovery and renewal

Question 52

a more enduring loss of bhv occurs if extinction trials are delayed ___________(time) after the acquisition

Answer 52

24hours

Question 53

what is a way to make extinction more pervasive and avoid renewal from lack of generalization

Answer 53

conducted in multiple different contexts = increase stimulus generalization of extinction with large number of spaced trials

Question 54

what is a way to reduce spontaneous recovery

Answer 54

introduce cues present during extinction training to enhance extinction performance

Question 55

where has cues of extinction been used in humans

Answer 55

exposure therapy, reduced renewal of arachnophobia using chip AA as a reminder of treatment context

Question 56

which reinforcement schedual results in fastest extinction

Answer 56

continuous reinforcement - FR1: overtraining extinction effect

Question 57

why extinction paradoxical

Answer 57

need less unreinforced to trials to extinguish than reinforced trial to learn

Question 58

which reinforcement schedule results is slowest extinction

Answer 58

partial reinforcement: unpredictability already includes partial extinction

Question 59

how to get slower extinction and fewer frustration reactions

Answer 59

partial rather than continuous reinforcement partial-reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

Question 60

what is PREE and what does it help explain

Answer 60

partial-reinforcement extinction effect the bhv of habitual gamblers who persist in gambling even if they encounter a long string of losses

Question 61

T.F. frequent gamblers are less likely to persist during extinction if trained on a partial reinforcement schedule

Answer 61

F. more likely

Question 62

how are partial reinforcement effects observed in pavlovian conditioning

Answer 62

cues paired with uncertain reward probability and size = more attractive + more likely to produce reinstatement

Question 63

what makes slots machines stimulating

Answer 63

lights and sounds increase urge to play and inflate perception of wins

Question 64

partial reinforcement increases the chances that someone will become a _______

Answer 64

sign-tracker, also reduces the rate at which cues undergo extinction

Question 65

what are the names of the two theories that explain partial reinforcement

Answer 65

frustration theory and sequential theory

Question 66

what is frustration theory

Answer 66

repeated experience of frustration of non-reward during training increases resilience

Question 67

what is sequential theory

Answer 67

when a sequence of non-reinforced trials are followed by reward, it reinforced the persistence when the reinforcement is absent

Question 68

which partial reinforcement theory is most correct

Answer 68

both complete each other