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Michaelmas Term 1 > Extinction and Evolution: A Song of Ice and Fire > Flashcards

Extinction and Evolution: A Song of Ice and Fire Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between diversity and time?

A

Diversity is increasing over time

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2
Q

Describe the Signor-Lipps effect

A
  • you are unlikely to find the last individual of a species
  • mass extinctions appear to begin sooner in the fossil record than was actually the case
  • sampling bias/artefact
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3
Q

Describe major glaciations

A

Ice lock up causes a drop in sea level (e.g. end-Ordovician by 100m)

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4
Q

What does the locking up of CaCO3 create?

A
  • calcium mineralisation
  • carbon store
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5
Q

What happens at the end-Permian?

A

A rich set of diverse body forms get obliterated due to heat

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6
Q

What do the end-Permian cadavers create?

A
  • organic-rich shales
  • petroleum deposits
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7
Q

Stromatolites

A

Layers of microbial mats with intermediate silting

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8
Q

Reef building organisms can be used as

A

Indicators of marine diversity

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9
Q

Reef gaps

A
  • mark most mass extinctions
  • reefs are either completely absent or much reduced
  • due to temperature and CO2 changes (ocean acidification)
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10
Q

Problems associated with sampling in deep time?

A
  • Signor-Lipps Effect
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11
Q

Mass extinctions

A

Key episodes of evolutionary history

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12
Q

When did vertebrates arise?

A

Cambrian (Palaeozoic)

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13
Q

When did jawed vertebrates arise?

A

Silurian (Palaeozoic)

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14
Q

When did sharks arise?

A

Devonian (Palaeozoic)

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15
Q

When did tetrapods arise?

A

Devonian (Palaeozoic)

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16
Q

When did amniotes arise?

A

Devonian (Palaeozoic)

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17
Q

When did therapsids arise?

A

Permian (Palaeozoic)

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18
Q

When did dinosaurs arise?

A

Triassic (Mesozoic)

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19
Q

When did mammals arise?

A

Triassic (Mesozoic)

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20
Q

When did placental mammals arise?

A

Jurassic (Mesozoic)

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21
Q

When did birds arise?

A

Jurassic (Mesozoic)

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22
Q

When did snakes arise?

A

Cretaceous (Mesozoic)

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23
Q

When did primâtes arise?

A

Paléogène (Cenozoic)

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24
Q

When did hominids arise?

A

Neogene (Cenozoic)

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25
Q

What is necessary for the radiation of new or minor taxa?

A

Wiping out incumbent taxa

26
Q

Describe the radiation of mammals

A
  • originate in the Triassic
  • rise to dominance after extinction of non-avian dinosaurs
27
Q

Describe the end-Ordovician event

A
  • oceanic cooling and anoxia
  • prominence of globally-distributed transitional benthic faunas (disaster taxa)
  • stages of succession
28
Q

Give an example of a Benthic disaster taxa

A

Hirnantia

29
Q

What caused elevated atmospheric CO2 levels to drop in the late Ordovician?

A
  • weathering of lava flows
  • rise of earliest land plants
30
Q

What does dropping of CO2 in atmosphere cause?

A
  • carbonic acid rain
  • silicate dissolution forms bicarbonate ions
  • run into ocean and locked up as CaCO2 in skeletons of marine calcifying organisms
31
Q

Describe the end-Ordovician mass extinction

A
  • ~100m sea level drop
  • loss of first metazoans reefs
  • loss of graptolites and other planktonic forms
  • post-glacial temperature rise create rising sea levels and widespread marine anoxia
32
Q

Describe the ramifications of the end-Permian mass extinctions

A
  • ocean temp rises 5-15 degrees across latitudes
  • ocean acidification, anoxia, reef loss and basically everything marine
  • 1 death of >90% of species due to heat
  • recovery took 8-9My
33
Q

Describe the end-Permian event

A
  • outpouring of >4millkm^3 of lava from Siberian traps over 2My
  • eruption through organic-rich shales and petroleum deposits venting > 100,000Gt CO2 to the atmosphere through km-scale blowouts
34
Q

Siberian traps

A

Large igneous province

35
Q

When did the crucial end-Permian organic-rich shales and petroleum deposits arise?

A

Cambrian and Proterozoic

36
Q

Describe the immediate ramifications of the end-Permian

A

simple marine ecosystems not seen since the Proterozoic (i.e. stromatolite communities)

37
Q

Describe the Permian-Triassic disaster t’axa

A
  • stromatolites
  • bivalve Claraia
  • herbivore Lystrosaurus
38
Q

Describe Lystrosaurus

A
  • herbivore
  • burrowing habit
39
Q

Lilliput Effect

A

Tendency of disaster taxa to be small

40
Q

Describe the recovery after the Permian-Triassic event

A
  • tepid ocean
  • hot arid conditions
  • slow recovery
41
Q

Describe the end-Permian effect on plants

A
  • no evidence for a familial-level mass extinction at end-Permian
  • several My for planet recovery of lost gymnosperm forest ecosystem
42
Q

The organisms that survived the end-Permian extinction were those that would

A

Go on to found modern ecosystems

43
Q

Describe the end-Cretaceous mass extinction

A
  • killed non-avian dinosaurs (gigantosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites and various marine reptiles)
  • unusually profound and immediate effect on plant life
44
Q

Describe the end-Cretaceous event

A
  • extra-terrestrial impact on Yucatan peninsula of Mexico
  • tidal waves
  • > 180km crater ring
  • dust cloud caused several months of near darkness
  • outpouring of ~1millionkm^3 from Deccan Traps
  • burned through immense oil fields in Gulf of Mexico, releasing CO2
45
Q

How is the end-Cretaceous Chixulub crater traced

A
  • geomagnetic anomalies
  • ring-like Cenotes distribution
46
Q

Cenotes

A

Limestone caverns

47
Q

end-Cretaceous disaster taxa

A
  • synchronous fern spike
  • adaptation to dark
48
Q

How was the end-Cretaceous impact defined?

A
  • fossil deposit laid down by seismically-induced tidal wave in Montana
  • sturgeon and paddlefish
  • tiny glass spherules in gills drawn in by breathing as ejecta hit the site (within 30mins)
  • within 45mins of impact
49
Q

Other end-Cretaceous impact effects

A

tiny glass spherules (molten sand grains) from impact ejection are seen where they fell, with own impact craters

50
Q

Seiche

A

Seismically-induced tidal wave

51
Q

Deccan Traps

A

Large igneous province

52
Q

Describe the after effects of the Deccan Trap outpouring

A
  • 0.5My of warming in late-Cretaceous
  • ## 0.8 degrees cooling in last 50,000y
53
Q

Megafauna

A

Gigantic animals

54
Q

Cenozoic disaster fauna

A

Small birds and mammals

55
Q

Describe the general characterisation of the last 66my of earth’s history

A
  • progressive cooling
  • falling CO2
  • weathering of large igneous provinces
  • changes associated with industrial Revolution
56
Q

How is deep time studied

A

In 10my bins

57
Q

Describe the relationship between R and ΔT

A

Moderate to strong correlation

58
Q

R

A

Extinction rate

59
Q

ΔT

A

Magnitude of change in temperature

60
Q

What is the ΔT of the big five mass extinction events (IPCC, 2021)

A

> 5.2

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

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