Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Michaelmas Term 1 > Speciation i > Flashcards

Speciation i Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different species definition classifications?

A
  1. Phenetic
  2. Biological
  3. Ecological
  4. Phylogenetic
  5. Unified Species Concept
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of entity is a species?

A

Discrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Species are produced from a

A

Continuous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A species is a

A

Fundamental unit of biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolution might be defined as

A

Completion of a speciation process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phenetic species

A

A set of organisms that are phenotypically similar to one another and different from other sets (Sokal & Crovello 1970)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological species concept

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other groups (Mayr 1942)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ecological species concept

A

A lineage (or closely related set of lineages), which occupies an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other linage in its structure ange and which evolves separately from all lineages outside its range (Van Valen, 1976)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Distinct group that shares a common ancestor, distinguished from other groups (Cracraft, 1983)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the Moa species (Bunce et al, 2003)

A
  • ratites; flightless birds
  • thought to be 3 species of Dinornis based on morphology: D. giganteus, D. novaezealandiae, D. struthoides
  • using genetic data, found to be one species on each island, with extreme size dimorphism (F > M) and habitat linked size variation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is species plasticity?

A

When one species has multiple forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a plastic species (Vrijenhoek 2009)

A

Deep sea vent tubeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the species plasticity of deep sea vent tubeworms (Vrijenhoek, 2009)

A
  • short fat worms -> flexible tubes at hot vents
  • long skinny worms at cool vents
  • found adjacent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the initial misclassification of deep sea vent tubeworms

A
  • originally Ridgeia piscesae and R. phaeophiale
  • actually plastic morphs of R. piscesae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are deep sea tubeworms plastic? (Vrijenhoek 2009)

A

Developmentally plastic larvae sense conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are cryptic species?

A

Multiple species that look alike - have “one” form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an example of a cryptic species set (Janzen et al, 2017)

A
  • neotropical skipper Udranomia kikkawai in Costa Rica
  • whole genome sequencing revealed 3 species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pros of phonetic species concept

A
  • practical: relatively easy to observe and measure
  • applicable to all taxa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cons of phenetic species concept

A
  • issues for plastic traits, cryptic species, polymorphisms
  • purely descriptive, relying on human interpretation, doesn’t incorporate evolutionary concept
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the evolutionary concept

A

Why species should be different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give some pre-mating isolating mechanisms

A

1) temporal
2) ecological
3) behavioural
4) mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give some post-mating isolating mechanisms

A

1) zygote mortality
2) hybrid inviability
3) hybrid sterility
4) hybrid breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give an example of behavioural reproductive isolation

A
  • western meadowlark Sternella magna
  • Eastern meadowlark Sternella neglecta
  • changing vocalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name of the hybrid between a female horse and a male donkey?

A

Mule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give the name of the hybrid between a female donkey and a male horse

A

Hinny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cons of the biological species concept

A
  • breeding experiments not feasible
  • allopatric forms
  • cannot be easily applied to asexually reproducing organisms or fossilised species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What pizzlies (or grolars)

A

polar-grizzly bear hybrids occurring because of climate change induced range changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe a coywolf

A

Coyote-wolf hybrids occur in nature

29
Q

Describe ligers

A

Lion-tiger hybrids bred in zoos

30
Q

Describe a ring species

A
  • encircles a geographic barrier
  • populations around the ring exchange genes, except where the ring meets: reproductive isolation
  • during expansion, adjacent populations exchange genes, but exchange attenuates with distance
31
Q

Give an example of a geographic barrier that might result in a ring species

A

Mountain range

32
Q

Requirements for a ring species

A
  • founded by one population
  • one of the terminal populations must be the most recent range expansion
  • no geographic barriers to interrupt gene flow now or in the past
  • must show isolation by distance
33
Q

Give 2 examples of ring species

A

1) Ensatina eschscholtzii salamander in western North America
2) Phylloscopus trochiloides greenish warbler complex in Asia

Molecular evidence reveals sharp genetic breaks consistent with geographic isolation

34
Q

Ring species under the biological species concept

A

Terminal populations look like separate species, even though reproductive isolation not seen in other adjacent areas

35
Q

Give examples of some asexually reproducing organisms

A
  • bdelloid rotifers
  • brine shrimp
  • New Zealand mud snail
  • New Mexico whip tail
  • zebra shark
36
Q

Give pros of the biological species concept

A
  • mechanism-based concept
  • key concept for sexual organisms
37
Q

Monophyly

A

A group consisting of an ancestor and all of its descendants

38
Q

The phylogenetic species concept focuses on

A

Evolutionary relationships among organisms

39
Q

Pros of phylogenetic species concept

A
  • practical guide to delimitation
  • based on evolutionary concept
  • can be applied to asexual and fossilised organisms
40
Q

Phylogenetic relationships reflect

A

Evolutionary history

41
Q

Cons of phylogenetic species concept

A
  • needs a highly resolved phylogenetic tree
  • can result in taxonomic inflation
42
Q

What is it essential to do when utilising the ecological species concept

A

Identify adaptive zones a priori

43
Q

Pros of the ecological speciation concept

A
  • applies to sexual and asexual forms
  • allows for some gene flow among groups as long as they maintain ecological differences
  • abiotic “adaptive zones” are relatively easy to measure
44
Q

Cons of the ecological speciation concept

A
  • assumes the existence of ecologically discrete niches
  • assumes organisms are independent of their niche
45
Q

Ecologically discrete niches and the

A

Gaps between them

46
Q

Niche construction

A

Organisms can change their environment

47
Q

Which species concept would an evolutionary ecology be most likely to use

A

Biological species concept

48
Q

Which species concept would a palaeontologist be most likely to use?

A
  • phonetic species concept
  • morphological differences important
49
Q

Which species concept would a systematist be most likely to use?

A
  • Phylogenetic species concept
  • has diagnosability
50
Q

Under all species concepts, a species is a

A

Separately evolving meta population lineage

51
Q

How might be define the Biological Species Concept under the Unified Species Concept?

A

Separately evolving meta population lineage is hat also has to be intrinsically reproductively isolated from other lineages

52
Q

How might be define the Phylogenetic Species Concept under the Unified Species Concept?

A

Separately evolving meta population lineage that also has to be monophyletic

53
Q

Why are strictly defined species concept incompatible? (de Queiros Syst Biol 2007)

A
  • Speciation is a continuos process that creates discrete entities
  • different criteria may be achieved at different times
54
Q

What does the Unified Species Concept do?

A

Used contingent properties as lines of evidence for assessing the separation of lineages, and to recognise different types of species based on the properties they possess

55
Q

What is speciation essentially?

A

The introduction of a species boundary

56
Q

What causes species formation?

A

Microevolutionary processes

57
Q

Speciation is a

A

Process, rather than an event

58
Q

A species is the

A

Outcome of speciation

59
Q

Describe the sexual dimorphism of Moa

A

Females could be up to 280% larger than males

60
Q

Species plasticity - differences arise from

A

Plastic effects, rather than genetic events

61
Q

Explain habitat-based pre-mating isolation

A

Habitat preferences

62
Q

Explain mechanical pre-mating isolation

A

Physically can’t mate

63
Q

Describe post-mating isolation

A
  • non-viable zygote
  • reduced survival and reduced fecundity
64
Q

Isolation by distance is a

A
  • genetic concept
  • closer species are more genetically similar
65
Q

The BSC can be

A

Pre- or post-zygotic

66
Q

PSC

A

Very definitive

67
Q

How are fossil cladograms built?

A

Morphological data

68
Q

For a highly resolved cladogram, you need

A

Taxon sampling to be excellent

69
Q

Meta-population

A

Inclusive population made up of sub-populations

Michaelmas Term 1 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions