Extra

Question 1

Simple Random Sampling

Answer 1

-probability
- elements are drawn at random
- probability of being selected is known

Question 2

Systematic Sampling

Answer 2

-probability
-a random starting point and then selecting every ith element in succession
-useful if it follows a certain order

Question 3

Cluster Sampling

Answer 3

-probability
1. divide the population into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive stratas = clusters
2. select a sample of clusters at random

Question 4

Stratified Sampling

Answer 4

• probability
• 2 stage technique
  1. partition the population into subpopulations
  2. select elements from each strata

Question 5

Exploratory Research

Answer 5

-qualitative
-secondary data
-direct or indirect

Question 6

Descriptive Research

Answer 6

• quantitative
  -conclusive research with the objective of describing something
  -survey

Question 7

Causal Research

Answer 7

• quantitative
  -when the occurrence of x increase the probability of the occurrence of y

Question 8

Deductive

Answer 8

• looks at the problem logically
• top down approach
• quantitative
• general to specific
• general theory to formualte hypothesis to test hypothesis

Question 9

Abductive

Answer 9

-combines deductive and inductive
-starts with an observation of a surprising fact and attempts to explain how it came about

Question 10

Inductive

Answer 10

-bottom up approach
- requires secondary data
- qualitative
- specific to general
- data collection to identify patterns to develop theory

Question 11

5 major research philosophies

Answer 11

1. Positivism
2. Critical Realism
3. Interpretivism
4. Post-modernism
5. Pragmatism

Question 12

Direct Exploratory data

Answer 12

-focus groups or depth interviews
-purpose of the research is disclosed before or it is obvious

Question 13

Indirect Exploratory data

Answer 13

-projective techniques
- purpose of the research is deliberately disclosed

Question 14

management decision problem

Answer 14

• the decision that needs to be made
  -action centered

Question 15

marketing research problem

Answer 15

the information that we need to work out why the problem is happening

Question 16

verbal model

Answer 16

provide a written representation of the relationship between the variables

Question 17

graphical model

Answer 17

provide a visual picture of the relationship between the variables

Question 18

mathematical model

Answer 18

provide an explicit description of the relationship between the variables usually in equation form

Question 19

Qualitative Study

Answer 19

focuses on the initial understanding of the underlying reasons
- preferred if you want to understand something

Question 20

Quantitative

Answer 20

-more focused on the final course of action

Question 21

Cross sectional

Answer 21

collecting data from a given sample of population only once
e.g. stress levels in university students in various years of studying

Question 22

Longitudinal

Answer 22

fixed samples of population elements measured repeatedly on the same variable
e.g. examining the progress and wellbeing of children at critical age periods from birth

Question 23

mean

Answer 23

The average score from respondents is x out of 10

Question 24

standard deviation

Answer 24

on average the scores are x units away from the mean
-low= clustered around the mean

Question 25

skewness

Answer 25

- negative= slightly skewed to the left - positive= slightly skewed to the right -close to zero = nearly symmetrical -should be 3 -asymmetry

Question 26

Kurtosis

Answer 26

- positive= distribution has a peaked shape with more data in the tails compared to a normal distribution -peakedness -close to zero=nearly flat=extreme values are not common

Question 27

Central tendency

Answer 27

-mean -median -mode

Question 28

Positivism

Answer 28

-the researcher aims to establish clear, generalizable relationships -using quantitative data and statistical analysis. - testing hypotheses and producing law-like generalizations

Question 29

Critical Realism

Answer 29

- interested in exploring both observable effects and the deeper, underlying structures - qualitative and quantitative methods, adding depth to the findings

Question 30

Interpretivism

Answer 30

-This philosophy emphasizes subjective meanings - would use qualitative methods like interviews or focus groups - opposite of positivism

Question 31

Post-modernism

Answer 31

- This approach is exploratory and qualitative - focuses on diverse media forms

Question 32

Pragmatism

Answer 32

- the researcher prioritizes practical and efficient solutions - This philosophy is flexible and focuses on what works best for achieving the study's objectives - focuses on the usefulness and applicability of research findings - qualitative and quantitative

Question 33

Strength of In Depth Interviews which is weakness of focus groups

Answer 33

- Depth of Insight and better understanding of the topic at hand. It allows respondents to answer questions without group influence - Reduced Group Dynamics Influence so there is reduced possibility of dominant participants

Question 34

Thematic analysis

Answer 34

- effective for identifying recurring patterns and themes - exploration of diverse aspects of the topic, making it adaptable to the variety of topics covered in the data

Question 35

Data reduction process

Answer 35

- Code Development: Create initial codes that capture significant aspects of the data. - Theme Identification:Group similar codes into broader themes to streamline and focus the analysis

Question 36

Ensure the discussion guide allows for flexibility

Answer 36

- Open-Ended Questions: Use open-ended questions to encourage detailed responses. - Probing Questions: Include follow-up questions to delve deeper into initial answers. - Adaptability: Be prepared to adjust the guide based on participant responses

Question 37

How to structure a focus group

Answer 37

- introduction - ice-breaker questions - key topics - encouragement

Question 38

How to handle dominant participants

Answer 38

- Facilitator Intervention - Encouragement of quieter participants - Group Dynamics Management such as round robin questions

Question 39

How do you make sure that all data remains in the thematic analysis

Answer 39

- Categorize Data - Review and Refine - Iterative Process

Question 40

Verification Steps

Answer 40

- Triangulation - Member Checking - Peer Review