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extra 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what hormone prevents corpus luteum from degenerating

A

Human chrionic gonadotropin

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2
Q

what secretes human chorionic gonadotropin

A

serceted by the outer layer of the placenta

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3
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

platelets

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4
Q

what do platelets activate

A

denritic cells
macrophgaes
neutrohpils

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5
Q

Mnemonic: To remember the leukocytes from highest to lowest quantity in the blood, use the phrase:

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes/Macrophages > Eosinophils > Basophils

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6
Q

what are ribosomes

A

not organelles, not membrane bound

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7
Q

archaentron

A

hollow cavity in the middle of the mass of cells formed in the blastopore

it becomes the digestive tract

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8
Q

what does the blastopore develop into for protosomes

A

mouth

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9
Q

what does the blastopore develop into for deuterostomes

A

anus

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10
Q

what phyla are not considered protostomes or deuterostomes

A

porifera and cnidaria

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11
Q

whaat are reverese transcriptase

A

retroviruses

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12
Q

CRISPR

A

CRISPR is an adaptive immune system mechanism that defends bacteria against infections. CRISPR specifically targets and cuts foreign DNA sequences, protecting the bacterial cell. It is a system used to degrade incoming DNA,

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13
Q

calde

A

A clade (i.e., monophyletic group) is a cluster on a phylogenetic tree that includes an ancestor and all of the descendants from that ancestor. A clade can be as big as the entire tree or as small as a branch at the tip of the tree.

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14
Q

outgroup

A

The outgroup is a distantly related group of organisms that diverges from the evolutionary lineage earlier than the ingroup. Outgroups are species that diverged from all ingroup members before they diverged from each other. They are the preferred way to determine the root of a phylogenetic tree

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15
Q

light-independent reactions take place in

A

the chloroplast stroma

inorganic CO2 converted to glucose

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16
Q

light depended reactions

A

Photolysis (the splitting of water to form electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen) occurs within the thylakoid lumen during the light-dependent reactions

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17
Q

what occurs along the thylakoid membrane

A

The electron transport chain of the light-dependent reactions takes place along the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.

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18
Q

A hemophiliac father and a carrier mother have a son who is a hemophiliac. If hemophilia is a sex-linked condition, what is the probability that their second son will be a hemophiliac?

A

When determining the probability of gene inheritance, it is important to know that past events do not influence future outcomes. The fact that the first son was a hemophiliac does not influence the outcome of the second son.

If a hemophiliac father (XhY) is crossed with a carrier mother (XHXh), their offspring will be XHXh, XhXh, XHY, and XhY, each at a 25% probability. In this case, two offspring possibilities have a Y chromosome, indicating they will be male.

Only one of the two possible male offspring has the hemophilia trait (Xh). Therefore, there is a 50% probability of XHY and a 50% probability of XhY. If the couple has a son, there is a 50% probability of the son having hemophilia.

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19
Q

how do pterophytes reproduce

A

via spores not seeds

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20
Q

what are the types of cells in phloem

A

sieve cells and companion cells

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21
Q

what are the types of cells in xylem

A

tracheids and vessel elements

tranport water and mineral s

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22
Q

what is an example of a homosporous plant

A

ferms

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23
Q

plieotropy

A

when one gene affects many traits.

many genes affect one trait.

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24
Q

polygenic inheritence

A

many genes affect one trait.

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25
what are oak trees
angiosperms
26
what are pine trees
gymnosperms
27
what are grasses (bluegrass)
angiosperms
28
In seed-bearing vascular plants
the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte whereas in seedless tracheophytes, have independednt gametophyte and sporophyte stages both the gametophyte and sporophyte are free-living, with each capable of independent growth and reproduction. In seed-bearing vascular plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), the gametophyte is reduced and dependent, living briefly within or close to the sporophyte structures
29
what produces CCK
When fat enters the duodenum of the small intestine, the duodenum produces the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK).
30
heme group of hemoglobin
broken down into bilirubin, which is then modified into bile.
31
genome annotation
Identifying the locations of genes and coding and noncoding regions in a genome. Determining the function of the genes.
32
epigenetic modifacations
Epigenetic modifications affect gene expression and activity but do not modify the DNA sequence (genome).
33
hybridization
Hybridization occurs when two closely related species interbreed and can lead to the creation of a new species with a unique combination of genetic traits.
34
replication step of viral infection
Viral genome replicated and protein synthesized Viral genes transcribed and translated, producing viral components
35
macroevolution
involves large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, resulting in the formation of new species and major changes in life forms. Macroevolution involves the evolution of life above the level of species, whereas the selection for cricket color occurred within a single species.
36
buffy coat
a small fraction of the total blood volume, contains platelets for clotting and white blood cells for immune activity.
37
main site of red blood cell destruction in the body.
spleen
38
how does the kidney regulate blood plasma
The kidney helps regulate blood plasma pH by secreting protons (H+) and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-). Bicarbonate acts as a buffer in the blood.
39
what secretes erythropoetin
kidneys
40
connective tissue
Connective tissue proper includes loose, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues. Adipose, also known as body fat, is a connective tissue. Cartilage provides a flexible cushion for certain areas in the body, including the joints and vertebrae, as well as the pinna of the ear. Bones are hard connective tissues that support the body's shape and are sites for muscle insertion. Blood is a connective tissue that connects body systems, providing nutrients and removing wastes from other tissues.
41
what are the types of tissues
connective tissue epithelial tissue nervous tissue muscle tissue
42
steps of clotting cascade
Tissue damage tears blood vessel walls, exposing collagen within the walls. Exposed collagen causes platelet activation. Platelets adhere and aggregate in the area of damage, forming the platelet plug. Activated platelets release thromboplastin, which converts prothrombin into thrombin. Activated thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which attaches to platelets to form a blood clot.
43
thromboplastin
converts prothrombin into thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin. The aggregation of activated fibrin forms an insoluble blood clot. The breakdown of thromboplastin would inhibit the clotting cascade, rather than initiating it.
44
erythrocyte fragmentation
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) fragmentation occurs when erythrocytes are exposed to mechanical stresses or pathologies involving blood flow. Erythrocyte fragmentation is not a trigger of the clotting cascade.
45
what contains both biotic and abiotic components
ecosystems is defined as all the organisms in an ecological community (biotic) and the abiotic factors interacting with them.
46
ecological community
An ecological community comprises all living (biotic) populations in a given area.
47
population
A population is all living (biotic) individuals of a specific species within a specific location.
48
kinesins
motor proteins that utilize ATP to transport cellular material (such as proteins and membrane components) along microtubules. Kinesins play key roles in mitosis, meiosis, and the trafficking of organelles and vesicles
49
cytoplasmic streaming
Actin subunits come together to form microfilaments that produce intracellular movement via cyclosis (also known as cytoplasmic streaming, it is the movement of the cytoplasm within a cell).
50
what is keratin
type of intermediate fillament
51
integrin
Integrin is a protein that functions in extracellular membrane adhesion and cellular responses to the extracellular environment.
52
what are probionts
precursors to cells
53
example of glycoprotein
mucin
54
early life forms relied on
self replicating rNA to store genetic information and to act as catalysts
55
what does PCR use
taq polymerase E
56
how do we track proteins in a pulse chase experiment
simple staining of radioactively labelled amino acids
57
what uses counting chambers
hemcytometers
58
what resutsl in blunt ends
endonucleases
59
what results in sicky ends
endo and exonucleases
60
dichroic filter
used in flouresence microscopy that allows certain wavelengths through and reflects others leads to distortions or artifacts
61
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
62
automaticity
found in heart cells that are self excitable without the need of an external nerve
63
what has the greatest automaticity in the heart
the SA node which signals both atria to contrac and to the AV node
64
what experiences the highest blood pressure
the aorta
65
blood volume in veins vs arteries
higher in veins
66
what has the lowest blood pressure
VEINS not venules
67
bone marrow cells
megakaryocytes
68
what makes up less than 1% of blood volume
platelts and leukocytes
69
what makes up 55% of our blood
plasma
70
what makes up 45% of our blood
RBCs
71
what part the fetus is filled w fluid in the womb
the lung and liver
72
how does an rh- mother react to an rh+ kid the second time
bc she had antibodies made against the first kid and antibodids are small enough to cross the placental barrier
73
what are the components of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes lymph vessels adenoids (lymphatic tissue) spleen thymus
74
what produces immune cells
lymphatic system
75
whats absorbed by the lymphatic vessels
bacteria intersticial fluid fats proteins
76
what releases interleukins
CD4+ T CELLS
77
What do interleukins do
boost innate and adaptive immunity attract innate immune cells and increased proliferation of T and B cells
78
where do antibodies circulate
in blood and lymph
79
what is the most abundant antibody in the circulation
igG
80
complement and inflamatory response
binds to mast cells to increased histamine release
81
TCR and BCR
both undergo clonal selection and both are unique to the antibodies they bind
82
where is IgE found
ON mast cells and basophils
83
first part of the inflamatory response known as
rally signalling

DAT BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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