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Extraction - Natural Drug Leads Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

structure is determined by what techniques (4)

A

1 NMR
2 MS
3 IR
4 UV-Vis spec

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2
Q

Hyphenated techniques

A 
1 GC-MS
2 LC-UV
3 LC-MS
4 LC-NMR
5 LC-DAD
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3
Q

High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques (3)

A

Thermospray (TS or TSP)

Continuous-flow fast atomic
bombardment (FAB)

Electrospray (ES)

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4
Q

What is flavone isolated from?

A

Monotes Engleri

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5
Q

Flavone structure

A

see slide

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6
Q

Extraction procedures involve

A

Separation from the raw material and cleaning up

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7
Q

Cleaning up in extraction procedures involves cleaning (2)

A

1 cellular debris

2 chemicals

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8
Q

Chemicals in extraction procedures cleaned up involve (3)

A

1 lipids
2 proteins
3 polysacchairdes

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9
Q

extraction design involves (3)

A

1 Type and
number of
bioassays

2 Source of
extract

3 Scale of the
extraction

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10
Q

Commonly
used
methods of
extraction

A

1 Solvent
extraction

2 Supercritical
fluid
extraction

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11
Q

soxhlet extractor diagram

A

see slide

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12
Q

supercritical fluid extractor diagram

A

see slide

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13
Q

what substances interfere with bioassays (4 examples)

A

1 Tannins
2 carotenes
3 chlorophyll
4 Sodium Chloride

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14
Q

extraction fractionation methods (6)

A 
1 Partition
2 Chromatography
3 Precipitation
4 Fractional
distillation
5 Steam distillation
6 dialysis
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15
Q

what is a Liquid-liquid partition?

A

Distribution of solute between two immiscible liquids (see picture)

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16
Q

Distribution governed by Partition law

A

Partition Coeffient (P) = [conc in solvent 1]/[conc in solvent 2]

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17
Q

Chromatographic methods (4)

A

1 TLC
2 Column chroma
3 GC
4 HPLC

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18
Q

Precipitation involves (3)

A

Salting out
Reducing solubility
Insoluble salt formation

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19
Q

Dialysis diagram

A

see slide

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20
Q

Electrophoresis diagram

A

see slide

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21
Q

Taxotere structure

A

see slide

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22
Q

Taxol history

Who founded and where the antitumor screening programme in 1960?

A

J. H. Hartwell of the American National Cancer Institute (NCI)

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23
Q

Taxol history
1964
Used how much air dried bark of the Pacific Yew Tree?

A

12 KG

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24
Q

Taxol history
1964
Fractionated how much of the Pacific Yew Tree?

A

146 g of solids

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25
Taxol history 1964 How much taxol resulted in the taxol extraction of the Pacific Yew Tree?
0.5 g
26
Taxol history 1962 How many extracts were investigated?
650
27
Taxol history | 1971
Determination of its structure by Wani et al
28
Taxol history | 1977
Preclinical | development
29
Taxol history | 1979
Unique mechanism of | action
30
Taxol history | 1982
Clinical trials
31
Taxol history | 1983
Phase 1
32
Taxol history | 1985
Phase 2
33
Taxol history | 1988
Jean-Noel Denis et al. | European Yew Tree
34
Taxol history | 1992
Clinical use approved
35
salting out involves (4)
``` 1 Soluble inorganic salts •NaCl • (NH4)2SO4 ``` 2 Non-Ionic compounds 3 Large quantities (1g/ml) 4 non-ionic compounds - precipitate
36
Mechanical methods (2)
1 Craig counter-current distribution (CCCD) 2 Steady-state distribution (SSD)
37
mixtures of the salts of organic bases reaction
see diagram
38
mixtures of the salts of organic acids reaction
see diagram
39
Small-scale extractions: | Liquid-liquid extraction
1 2 substances dissolved in water 2 add 2nd immiscible (insoluble) solvent and shake 3 wait for partitioning, drain off bottom see diagram
40
Supercritical fluid extraction diagram
see slide
41
Supercritical fluid extraction can be modified for
more polar compounds
42
Supercritical fluid extraction has an affinity for
non polar compunds
43
Supercritical fluid extraction uses
CO2
44
Supercritical fluid extraction rate
particle size
45
Supercritical fluid extraction penetration good in
natural products
46
in supercritical fluid extraction, the diffusion co-efficient is
higher
47
steam distillation diagram
see slide
48
Steam Distillation extract
essential oils
49
Steam Distillation is boiled with
water or steam | passed through it
50
sum of partial pressures occurs in
steam distillation
51
``` Solvent based method diagram (dried) ```
see slide
52
Solvent based methods have a set ... of time
period
53
Solvent based methods involve i.....
infusions
54
Solvent based methods involve a pre-determined
temperature
55
Solvent based methods involve direct
contact
56
Solvent based methods involve .... substances
predried
57
Other considerations for extractions (2)
1 polarity | 2 pH
58
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Low polarity solvents (4)
1 hexane 2 chloroform 3 diethyl ether 4 ethanol
59
Other considerations for extractions Polarity High polarity solvent (1)
Water
60
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Classes of a compound extracted with high polarity solvent of H2O (3)
1 Amino acids 2 sugars 3 glycosides
61
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of ethanol (1)
glycosides
62
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of diethyl ether (2)
1 Alkaloids | 2 aglycones
63
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of chloroform (3)
1 Alkaloids, 2 aglycones 3 some volatile essential oils
64
Other considerations for extractions Polarity Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of hexane (3)
Fats waxes essential and some volatile oils
65
other considerations for extraction | pH reaction diagrams for acid and base
see slide

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