Membranes Flashcards
For drugs (91 cards)
1
Q
Membrane definition
A
Separates the internal medium of a cell from its surrounding medium
2
Q
Where do boundaries also form?
A
Boundaries of the internal organelles
3
Q
Cell walls are found in
A
Plants and bacteria
4
Q
Membrane function
A
Regulate the transfer of substances in and out
5
Q
Plasma membrane made up of
A
Fluid like bilayer of phospholipids, proteins, steroids and glycolipids
6
Q
Lipids and protein movement
A
Some rational and lateral movement
7
Q
Thickness of plasma membrane
A
5 nm thick
8
Q
Resting potential of plasma membrane
A
20-200 mV
9
Q
Plasma membrane structure
A
See slides
10
Q
How long is the long non polar hydrocarbon chain
A
14-24 carbons
11
Q
Lipid components:
Glycosphingolipids are in small amounts. Function:
A
- cell recognition
- immunity
- nerve transmission
12
Q
Lipid components
Cholesterol
A
- embeded plasma membrane
- rigid
- hydrogen bonding
13
Q
Lipid components
Glycosphingolipids
A
- Small amounts
- Cell recognition
- Immunity
- Nerve transmission
14
Q
Protein component (3)
A
- active functions
- integral, peripheral, lipid-anchored
- cross or embedded in lipid layer - N-Extracellular, C-intracellular
15
Q
Integral proteins
Mostly embedded
A
Transport across membranes
16
Q
Integral proteins
Partly embedded
A
Oligosaccharides
17
Q
Transmembrane Integral Structure Diagram
A
See slides
18
Q
Ion Channels Diagram
A
See slide
19
Q
Peripheral Proteins are what type of proteins
A
lipoproteins
20
Q
How are bonds broken in peripheral proteins?
A
By
- Metal chelating agents
- Changes in pH
- Changes in ionic strength
21
Q
Carbohydrate Component Diagram
A
See slide
22
Q
Carbohydrate Component is composed is
A
Small and large heterosaccharide chains
23
Q
What is often the terminal sugar in the carbohydrate component?
A
Sialic acid
24
Q
Is the carbohydrate component easily removed from the surface?
A
No
25
What organisms have a well-defined cell wall?
Plants
Fungi
Most bacteria
26
What strength is the cell wall structure?
Rigid
27
What do the components of the cell wall depend on?
the organism
28
Is the cell wall continually being renewed?
Yes
29
Bacterial cell walls diagram
See slide
30
Bacterial cell walls have what type of osmotic pressure?
High internal osmotic pressure
31
What is the strength of bacterial cell walls?
Strong rigid
32
What prevents the renewal of the cell wall?
Antibiotics
33
What do gram negative bacteria cell walls have that gram positive do not?
Periplasmic space
and
Outer membrane of proteins, lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids
34
Gram positive bacteria consist of
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan (cell wall)
35
Gram negative bacteria consist of
```
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Periplasmic space
Peptidoglycan (cell wall)
Outer membrane consisting of proteins, lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids
```
36
Mureins Structure
See slide
37
Mureins are
Polymers:
- polysaccharide chains
- peptide chains
38
What is the structure of mureins like?
Net-like molecule
39
Mureins consist of
- b-N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
| - b-Nacetylglucosamine (NAG)
40
Mureins consist of
- b-N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
| - b-Nacetylglucosamine (NAG)
41
Routes of passing through membrane (7)
```
1 osmosis
2 filtration
3 passive diffusion
4 facilitated diffusion
5 active transport
6 endocytosis
7 exocytosis
```
42
Osmosis Diagram
| Hypertonic
See slide
43
Osmosis Diagram
| Isotonic
See slide
44
Osmosis Diagram
| Hypotonic
See slide
45
Filtration Diagram
See slide
46
Passive Diffusion
| Diagram
See slide
47
What charge and state is Passive Diffusion in
- uncharged
| - non-polar
48
What type of partition is passive diffusion?
Partition-Diffusion-partition
49
What type of gradient is involved in passive diffusion?
Concentration gradient
50
Passive diffusion is more polar due to being
- restricted
| - prevented
51
Facilitated Diffusion Diagram
See slide
52
What is the name of the carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion?
Permeases
53
Facilitated Diffusion uses what type of gradient?
Concentration gradient
54
What molecule is transported by facilitated diffusion?
Glucose
55
What form of diffusion is facilitated diffusion?
Passive diffusion
56
Active transport transports a
Solute
57
Active transport is also referred to as a
Carrier protein
58
Active transport operates against a
Concentration gradient
59
Is active transport highly selective or not?
Highly selective
60
Is energy required for active transport?
Yes
61
Endocytosis Diagram
See slide
62
How do phagocytosis work?
By eating
63
How does pinocytosis work?
By drinking
64
Two endocytosis types discovered:
- Constitutive endocytosis
| -
65
Exocytosis Diagram
See slide
66
Steps of Drug Action on cells walls/membranes
| Step 1
1. Inhibiting the action of enzymes and other substances
67
Steps of Drug Action on cells walls/membranes
| Step 2
Inhibiting processes involved in the formation of the cell wall
68
Steps of Drug Action on cells walls/membranes
| Step 3
Forming channels through the cell wall or membrane
69
Steps of Drug Action on cells walls/membranes
| Step 4
Breaking down sections of the membrane
70
Antifungal infections
| Two types
- superficial
| - systemic
71
Fungal infections
| Systemic affects the
Internal organs
72
Fungal infections
| Superficial affects the
Skin
Nails
Scalp
Mucous membranes
73
What treatments are used to treat opportunistic fungal infections?
Antibiotics
Radiotherapy
Steroids
Immunosuppressant drugs
74
Fungistatic
inhibit the growth of fungus
75
Fungicidal
biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores
76
Antifungal agent:
Azoles
Azoles are substituted
Imidazoles
77
Antifungal agent:
Azoles
Substituted imidazoles at nano-molecular are
Static
78
Antifungal agent:
Azoles
Substituted imidazoles at micro-molecular level are
Cidal
79
Antifungal agent:
| Azoles lead to the inhibition of
Some of the cytochrome P-450 oxidases
80
Allylamines and related compounds
| Two examples
1. Tolnaftate
| 2. Terbinafine
81
Tolnaftate Structure
See slide
82
Terbinafine Diagram
See slide
83
Antifungal agents
Phenols
Two examples
1. Chloroxylenol(Dettol). See structure
| 2. Clioquinol. See structure
84
Antifungal and antibacterial agent example and structure
Mycostatin
| Add diagram
85
Cell membrane diagrams
see slide
86
plasma membrane diagram
see slide
87
Lipid components of cell membrane diagram
see slide
88
how are bonds broken in peripheral proteins (3)
1 by metal chelating agents
2 changes in pH
3 changes in ionic strength
89
Active transport involves a ____ ____ point
carrier selection point
90
active transport rate
conc absorption sites
91
Antifungal Agent
| Azoles. Two examples
1 fluconazole. see structure
| 2 clotrimazole. see structure
