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History Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural products have been the most successful source of

A

Potential drug leads

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2
Q

What percentage of natural products have been evaluated for potential biological activity?

A

10%

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3
Q

What percentage of prescription drugs are natural products?

A

30%

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4
Q

What percentage of prescription drugs are anti-infective and anticancer drugs?

A

more than 60%

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5
Q

The world oldest known prescriptions, on

cuneiform tablets dating back to

A

2000 B.C.

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6
Q

The world oldest known prescriptions, on

cuneiform tablets dating back to 2000 B.C. from where

A

Nippur, Sumer

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7
Q

The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dating back to 2000 B.C. from
Nippur, Sumer, described (3)

A

how to make
poultices,
salves and
washes

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8
Q

The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dissolved into wine,
milk and beer contained what ingredients (9)

A 
1 mustard, 
2 fig, 
3 myrrh,
4 bat dropping, 
5 turtle
6 shell powder, 
7 river silt, 
8 snakeskins 
9 "hair from the stomach of a cow,"
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9
Q

the tablets also

documented oils from Cupressus sempervirens were also used for (5)

A 
1 astringent
2 anti-seborrheic
3 anti-dandruff
4 anti-aging
5 fragrances
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10
Q

The tablets also documented oils from

A

Cupressus sempervirens

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11
Q

Commiphora species is valued for

A

aromatic resins produced by several

members of the genus

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12
Q

“Myrrh“ is the common name for

A

dried resins

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13
Q

“Myrrh“ is
fragrant and has been used both as
fragrances and for medicinal purposes, for example

A

Balsam of Mecca

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14
Q

liquorice alternative name

A

Glycyrrhiza glabra

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15
Q 
Glycyrrhiza glabra has been used for medicinal
purposes including (2)
A

1 indigestion

2 stomach inflammation.

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16
Q

Some other medicinal purposes of liquorice/glycyrrhiza glabra are (3)

A

cough suppression
ulcer treatment
laxative.

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17
Q

what is the Ebers Papyrus

A

a 110-page scroll, which is
about 20 meters long, and is among the oldest
preserved medical documents

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18
Q

The Ebers Papyrus includes formulas, such as

A 
1 gargles
2 snuffs
3 poultices
4 infusions
5 pills
6 ointments
made with beer, milk, wine, and honey as vehicles.
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19
Q

Chinese Materia Medica first written record dating from

A

about
1100 BC (Wu Shi Er
Bing Fang, containing
52 prescriptions)

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20
Q

Wu Shi Er Bing Fang means

A

• ‘Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments’

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21
Q

when was the Wu Shi Er Bing Fang discovered and where

A

Discovered in 1973 during the excavation of the

Ma Wang Dui tomb at Changsha, Hunan.

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22
Q

what were the sachets of drugs found in the hands of

A

During the excavation of the tomb numerous drugs were
found in sachets, two of which were clutched in
the hand of a skeleton

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23
Q

Wu Shi Er Bing Fang formulary presents more than

A

250 exorcistic and drug-based cures for ailments
such as warts, hemorrhoids, inguinal swellings,
and snake bites.

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24
Q

Indian Ayurvedic system motto

A

‘Science of life’

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25
The Ayurvedic concept appeared and developed | between
2500 and 500 BC in India
26
what remains one of the country’s traditional health | care systems
Indian Ayurvedic system
27
Indian Ayurvedic system concepts about health and disease promote the use of
herbal compounds, special diets, and | other unique health practices
28
Historia Plantarum written some time between by
c. 350 BC and c. 287 BC by a Greek, Theophrastus
29
Historia Plantarum describes
plants by their uses, and attempted a biological classification based on how plants reproduced, a first in the history of botany.
30
Monasteries where preserved the | western Knowledge?
in France, Germany, Ireland and UK
31
Arabs preserved _____ and expanded it with the | ___, ______ and their own resources.
Greco-Roman expertise | - expanded ith with the Chinese, Indian
32
Arabs first to own privately run pharmacies in the
8th century
33
Avicenna was a (3)
Persian Pharmacist, Physician philosopher and | poet.
34
Avicenna authored a five-volume medical | encyclopedia:
The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun | fi't-Tibb).
35
Avicenna was used as the
standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century
36
The main sources of drugs (3)
natural semisynthethic synthetic
37
• Natural sources of drugs (4)
plants, microorganisms, marine plants and | animals.
38
Semisynthetic substances (2):
Such as steroidal hormones and corticosteroids.
39
Synthetic substances
These are drugs which are manufactured totally | by synthesis
40
Torreyanic acid isolated from an
endophyte from the endangered tree, Torreya taxifolia
41
Torreyanic acid was found to be | 5-10 times more potent in
cancer cell lines sensitive to protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, causing cell death by apoptosis
42
Torreyanic acid structure
see slide
43
Doxorubicin structure
see slide
44
Doxorubicin made from bacteria of
Streptomyces peucetius.
45
Doxorubicin treats (5)
Treats acute leukaemia, soft tissue and bone sarcomas, lung cancer, thyroid cancer and both Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphomas
46
Betulinic acid structure
see slide
47
Betulinic acid found in
bark of several species of plants, principally the white birch
48
Betulinic acid is a naturally occuring
pentacyclic triterpenoid
49
Betulinic acid is a weak inhibitor of
HIV replication
50
Betulinic acid recently | discovered potential as an
anticancer agent, by inhibition | of topoisomerase 1
51
there are a limited number of antiviral natural products or synthetically derived analogues from
fungi
52
Eryhtromycin structure
see slide
53
Eryhtromycin has broad spectrum activities against
grampositive cocci and bacilli
54
Eryhtromycin used for
mild to moderate, upper and lower respiratory | tract infections
55
Wood rotting fungi name
Phylum Basidiomycota
55
Wood rotting fungi name
Phylum Basidiomycota
56
Phylum Basidiomycota/ macro fungi number of species
2500
57
____ of tested polyspores show strong antimicrobial activity
75%
58
Wood rotting fungi –’Phylum Basidiomycota’ shows what activities (5)
``` Antiviral, Cytotoxic, Cardiovascular, anti inflammatory and immunestimulating ```
59
Natural Products from Fungi (5)
* Macro and Micro fungi * Food (mushrooms) * Drink (Yeast) * Medication * Cultural
60
Penicillium notatum structure
see slide
61
Penicillium notatum discovered when and by who
In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming first observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in those areas of a culture that had been accidentally contaminated by PN
62
Penicillium notatum inhibits growth of what bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
63
Nobel Prize in 1945 led to
commercialisation of synthetic penicillins
64
Pilocarpine structure
see slide
65
Pilocarpine from what plant
Pilocarpus jaborandi
66
Pilocarpine treats
Chronic open angle Glaucoma
67
Pilocarpine used since
1870s
68
Pilocarpine used to treat
dry mouth, a side effect of | radiotherapy
69
Quinine structure
see slide
70
Quinine derived from
Cinchona pubescens
71
Cinchona pubescens bark used by
indigenous groups in the Amazon region for the treatment of fevers
72
Quinine was first introduced into Europe in the early _____ or treatment of _____
1600s | Malaria
73
Quinine formal use established in the mid
1800s
74
Quinine used in ___ ____ for bitter taste
tonic water
75
Digoxin structure
see slide
76
Digoxin derived from
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
77
Digoxin known in europe in
10th century
78
Digoxin used to treat various
heart conditions
79
Digoxin has a narrow
therapeutic index
80
American Serial killer ______, is thought to have killed patients with overdoses digoxin at hospitals in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Charles Cullen
81
Cullen is serving multiple life sentences at Trenton State Prison, New Jersey, for the murders and attempted murders of ____ patients — he also pleaded guilty to ____ murders and ____ attempted murders while he was working in Pennsylvania
29 7 3
82
Historically important discoveries | Early Medicines looked at (4)
* Traditional Medicinal practices * Clinical Studies * Pharmacological studies * Chemical Studies
83
Factors influencing the production of plant secondary metabolites (3)
- Heredity or genetic composition that induces both qualitative and quantitative changes. • Stage of development • Environmental changes that result mainly in quantitative variations.
84
Secondary metabolites major classes (3)
* Alkaloids * phenolics * Terpenoids
85
Secondary compounds often occur in | combination with one or more
sugars
86
Secondary compounds often occur in combination with one or more sugars. These combination molecules are known as _____
glycosides
87
``` Secondary compounds are grouped into classes based on (3) ```
similar structures biosynthetic pathways kinds of plants that make them
88
Most alkaloids come from
amino acids
89
alkaloid precursors tend to be (7)
``` 1 phenylalanine 2 tyrosine 3 tryptophan 4 histidine 5 anthranilic acid 6 lysine 7 ornithine ```
90
alkaloid ompounds have a (2)
ring structure and a | nitrogen residue.
91
alkaloids taste
bitter
92
alkaloids are insoluble or slightly soluble, except in polar | solvents like
Chloroform, however their salts are | soluble.
93
alkaloids uses in plants
1 Poisonous agents which protect the plants ``` 2 Produced by detoxification reactions which ‘lock up’ compounds otherwise harmful to the plants ``` 3 For regulatory growth factors ``` 4 Reserve substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other elements necessary to the plant’s economy ```

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