Extrinsic Aids

Question 1

What are extrinsic aids

Answer 1

Materials outside the act used across different rules

Question 2

Dictionaries

Answer 2

Judges following the literal rule tend to use dictionaries to assist their interpretation
In cheeseman the courts used a dictionary to define passenger

Question 3

Academic authorities

Answer 3

Judges can also refer to authors give textbooks and the views of scholars expressed in journal articles

Question 4

Explanatory notes

Answer 4

Since 1999 explanatory notes company all acts of parliaments
Whilst they can be referred to they should not be thought of as authorstive as they are not passed by parliament

Question 5

Hansard

Answer 5

Following the case of pepper v hart referenced to Hansard can be referred to by the judge when interpreting a sgagegje where the words in the act are
- ambiguous
Or can lead to absurdity

Question 6

Official publications

Answer 6

Including government white papers reports from law reform agencies such as law commission and royal commission

Question 7

International agreements

Answer 7

Parliament must expressly incorporate international treaties and conventions for them to be enforced in English law