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Year 3 Pathology > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Label as many of the following on this eye:

  1. Conjunctiva
  2. Chamber angle
  3. Pectinate ligament
  4. Ora serrata
  5. Optic disc
  6. Optic nerve
  7. Lens
  8. Pectinate ligament
  9. Anterior chamber
  10. Posterior chamber
  11. Vitreous body
  12. Iris
  13. Retina
  14. Sclera
  15. Cornea
  16. Ciliary body
  17. Chorioidea
A
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2
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

What epithelium is it?

A

Mucous membrane covering inner surface of eyelid and anterior surface of sclera

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What boradly is the cornea and what does it do to light?

What are the different layers of the cornea and thier function?

A

Clear collagenous later

Light refraction

Layers

  • Epithelium- continuous with conjunctiva, pump out water
  • Bowman’s layer- acellular collagen
  • Stroma- lamellar collagen, no vessels
  • Descemets membrane
  • Endothelium- cuboidal epithelium
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4
Q

What is the function of the iris?

What are its three components?

A

Adjustment of the amount of light reaching the retina

Components- pupullary dilator, pupillary sphincter, pigmented epithelial layer

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5
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Highy vascular, responsible for the production of aqeuous humour, control of lens shape fibres and muscles

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6
Q

What is the name for the vascular supply of outer retinal layers?

A

Chorioidea

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7
Q

What is the function of the lens?

What are the layers of the lens?

A

Light refraction

Layers

  • Lens capsule
  • Lens epithelium- monolayer- only anterior
  • Cortex- acellular lens fibres
  • Nucleus- acellular lens fibres
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8
Q

This image shows the layers of the retina

Can you name l-10?

A
  • 1- Pigment cells
  • 2- Photoreceptor layer
  • 3- outer limiting membrane
  • 4- cell bodies of rods and cones
  • 5- outer plexiform layer
  • 6- Inner nucleus layer
  • 7- Inner plexiform layer
  • 8- Ganglion cell layer
  • 9- Optic nerve fibres
  • 10- inner limiting membrane
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9
Q

What are the three components to the eye adnexae?

A

Tarsal (meibomian glands)- oriented vertically and open at the free margin of the eyelid- modified sebaceous glands

Glands of Zeis- sebaceous glands associated with eyelids

Glands of moll- modified apocrine sweat glands associated with the eyelashes

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10
Q

Describe aqueous humour circulation?

A

Produced in ciliary body

Drains through pectinate ligament into posterior chamber

Through pupil into anterior chamber

Down to angle of anterior chamber- out through meshwork

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11
Q

What is anophtalmia and what is its pathogenesis?

A

Absence of the eye

Path- deficiency in the optic vesicle formation

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12
Q

What are the following developmental disorders?

Microphtalmia

Synophtalmia

Retinal dysplasia

Aphakia

A

Microphtalmia- reduces size of the eyes

Synophtalmia- two eyes fused in one

Retinal dysplasia- imperfect retinal development

Aphakia- absence of the lens

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13
Q

What is cyclopia?

What is its aetiology and species affected?

A

Presence of a central eye instead of two

Aetiology- ingestion of veratum californicum during day 14-15 of gestation

Species- lamb

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14
Q

What is dermoid (choristoma) and what is its pathology?

A

Presence of skin in the corneal surface

Path- surface ectoderm (origin of cornea) preserves the ability to focally develop skin

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15
Q

What is coloboma and what breed of dog does it affect?

A

Failure of the optic fissure to close

Affects- Collie

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16
Q

What does this image show?

What is its aetiology and what species is affected?

A

Persistence of pupilary membrane

Aetiology- genetic (autosomal recessive)

Dogs- basenji affected

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17
Q

What do the following terms mean?

  1. Conjunctivitis
  2. Keratitis
  3. Irititis
  4. Cyclitis
  5. Chorioiditis
  6. Retinitis
  7. Scleritis
  8. Uveitis
A

All inflammatory processes

  1. Conjunctiva
  2. Cornea
  3. Iris
  4. Ciliary body
  5. Chorioidea
  6. Retina
  7. Sclera
  8. Uveitis- iris/ciliary body/chorioidea
18
Q

What do the following terms mean?

  1. Hypopyon
  2. Hyphaema
  3. Endophthalmitis
  4. Panophthalmitis
  5. Blepharitis
  6. Internal hordeolum
  7. Chalazion
  8. External hordeolum
  9. Dacryoadenitis
A
  1. Presence of pus in the anterior chamber
  2. Presence of blood in the anterior chamber
  3. Inflammation of the internal cavities of the eye
  4. Inflammation of all the structres of the eye, comprising the sclera
  5. Eyelid inflammation
  6. Purulent tarsal glands
  7. Granulomatous tarsal glands
  8. Purulent glands of Zeis
  9. Lactimal gland inflammation
19
Q

What are the different aetiologies for non infectious dermatitis?

What species are affected?

What is the gross appearence?

What is the histological appearance?

What are the associated conditions?

A

Aetiology-
Dissication +/- oppertunistic bacteria
Allergic
Idiopathic

Sp/Br- Cat, dog, horse

Gross- eosinophilic conjunctivitis- ulceractive marginal blepharitis

Histo- eosinophilic conjunctivitis- hyperplasia/squamous metaplasia of epithelium, eosinophils and lymphocytes

Associated conditions- Eosinophilic conjunctivitis, Eosinophilic keratitis

20
Q

What are the potential aetiologies of viral/bacterial conjunctivits and what species are affected?

What is the gross appearance of the aetiologies?

What is the histological appearance?

What are some associated conditions?

A

IBR-Bovine herpes virus 1- Cattle
FHV- Cat
Chalmidiophyla psittaci, Mycoplasma felis- Cat

Gross-
IBR/FHV- serous to purulent, possuble fibrin
Mycoplasma- pseudodiphteric (fibrin)
Chlamydophilia- usually unilateral

Histo-
Mycoplasma- erosions, presence of coccoid bacteria
Chlamydophila- Neu, Macr, Lym, Plas and inclusion bodies

Ass Cond- FHV/IBR: keratitis + URT disease

21
Q

What is the aetiology of parasitic conjunctivitis in horses?

What is the gross appearance?

What is the histological appearance?

A

Aet- Larval stages of draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma via intermediate host

Gross- medial cantus, ulcerative, oozine, visible larvae

Histo- Granulomatous inflammation, Eosinophils, Larvae

22
Q

What are the three different aetiologies of non-infectious keratitis?

What is the pathological mechanism?

Describe the Histology of Pannus keratitis/Keratitis sicca

A

Aet-
Physical- trauma to avascular cornea, ulcerative
Sunlight- German Shepherd- Pannus keratitis
Inadequacy of tear film- Bull d, Westie- Kerato sicca

Path- trauma- stomal imbibition- ulcer- +/- secondary bacteria- neovascularization- restoration to original condition

Histo-
Pannus keratitis- lym, plas, macro, grannulation tissue, epithelium in tact
Keratitis sicca- Hyperplasia of corneal epithelium, squamous metaplasia of conjunctiva

23
Q

What are associated conditions of non-infectious keratitis?

A

Ulcerative if severe

Descemetocele- herniation of descemet membrane

Anterior staphyloma- protrusion of uvea through ulcer

Anterior uveitis

Panophtalmitis

24
Q

What pathogens can be responsible for the following causes of infectious keratitis?

Viral in a cat

Bacterial in cattle

Mycotic in horse?

A

Viral cat- FHV1

Bacterial cattle- Moraxella bovis- infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

Mycotic horse- Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillum

25
Q

What is the pathology of mycotic infectious keratitis?

What is the gross and histological appearance?

What are associated conditions?

A

Path- long term antibiotic/ corticosteroid therapy

Gross-
FHV1/Moraxella- ulcerative
Mycotic- Deep ulcerative with purulent exudate, keratomalacia

Histo-
FHV1- Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions
Mycotic- fungal hyphae within corneal stroma, neutrophils
Moraxella- colonisation of epithelium- stromal odema, neovascular

Ass Cond-
FHV1- conjunctivitis
Ulcerative if severe

26
Q

What diseases affect the lens?

What is their aetiology, path, gross and histological appearance?

A

Cataract and Lens luxation

Cataract
Aetiology- physical, chemical, increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, congenital diabetes
Path- imbalence between nutrition of lens and enzymatic activity- loss of normal hydration status- denaturation of lens fibre proteins
Gross- opacitisation of the lens
Histo- Loss of normal organised structure, presence of morganian globules and bladder cells

Lens lux
Aet- physical- Dogs/Cats
Can be caused by glaucoma/cause glaucoma

27
Q

These show microscope slides of cataracts what are the arrows pointing to?

A

Left- Bladder cells

Right- Morganian globules

28
Q

What are the different aetiologies of uveitis?

A

Viral- FIP (cat), CAV (Dog), MCF (Bov)

Mycotic- Cryptococus (dog/cat)

Parasitic- Larvas migrans (Dog), Toxocara canis

Lens induced- Rupture of lens

29
Q

What are the different pathologies of the following causes of Uveitis?

FIP/CAV1/MCF

Cryptococcus, Larvamigrans

Rupture of lens

A

FIP etc- Haematogenous spread of agent and autoimmune

Cryptococcus/Larva migrans- direct parasite action

Rupture of lens- Autoimmune

30
Q

What are the different histological appearances of uveitis for Cryptococcosis, FIP and Rupture of lens?

A

Cryptococcosis- yeasts, soap bubble appearance, choroid pyogranulomatous

FIP- pyogranulomatous + vasculitis

Rupture of the lens- Lymph, Plasma cells, Fragments

Extension to the ocular cavities- endophtalmitis, Glaucoma

31
Q

Important

What does this image show?

Describe its aetiology, pathology, gross appearance?

What would histology show?

What associated conditions would you expect?

A

Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Aet- Hypersensitivity to Leptospira interrogans vas Pomona

Path- Overproduction of antibodies against Leptospira- inflamm

Gross- Irregular iris thickening, pigmentation, shape

Histo- Neu (acute), Lym, with lymph follicle formation in ciliary body

Ass Cond- Serous conjunctivitis, corneal oedema

32
Q
  1. What can cause retinal dysplasyas?
  2. What can cause retinitis in cats?
  3. What is the term for retinal degeneration/atrophy?
  4. What are the three aetiolgies for retinal degen/atrophy?
A
  1. Retinal dysplasyas- Imperfect retinal development
  2. Retinitis- Toxoplasma
  3. Retinopathies
  4. Glaucoma, Nutritional (vit A, C, E, taurine), Toxic- bracken (sheep) Mycotoxin (cattle)
33
Q

What is the definition of glaucoma?

What are its primary and secondary causes?

A

Glaucoma is an occular condition determined by the prolonged increase in intraocular pressure due to decreased drainage of aqueous humour

Primary- Dog- Gonodiodysgenesis (congenital)
Imperforate pectinate ligament, Trabecular hypoplasia (loss of meshwork)

Secondary- sequale to infection (uveitis)
Posterior synechia affected

34
Q

What type of neoplasm is this associated with the eye?

A

Epithelioma of Meibomian glands

Common in dogs

Benign behaviour

35
Q

What neoplasm of the eye is this?

What species is it found in and common in?

What is its pathology, gross characteristics and histology?

A

Conjuntival, squamous cell carcinomas

Common in cattle, all species frequent

Path- UV light, epidermal plaques to papillomas to carcinomas

Gross- infiltrative, destructive, metastatic

Histo- Cords and islands of squamous cells

36
Q

What neoplasm is this found in dogs and horses?

A

Intraocular melanoma

Develops from Iris, cilliary body, choroid

Histo- pigmented neoplastic cells

37
Q

What is this neoplasm?

What species does it affect?

A

Diffuse iris melanoma

Cats

Develops from Iris

38
Q

Where does an adenoma/adeonocarcinoma arise from?

A

Arisies from the non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium

39
Q

What does the histology of feline primary intraocular sarcoma look like?

A

Streams and whorls of spindloid cells effacing occular structures

40
Q

What retrobulbar tumours can affect the eye?

A

Adenoma- gland like cells of epithelium

Adenocarcinoma of lacrimal glands

Fibrosarcoma- fibrous tissue

Rhabdomyosarcoma- striated muscle

Neural tumours

Lymphoma- WBCs

Year 3 Pathology (21 decks)

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