Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 Pathology > Repro 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Repro 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the different causes of sexual differentiation?

A

Chromosomal

Gonad

Hormonal profile

Tubular genitalia

External genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three categories of disorders of sexual development?

A

Abnormal or missing chromosome

DSD with normal female karyotype

DSD with normal male karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes Turner syndrome?

What causes Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Turners syndrome- XO or XXX- females with severe ovarian dysgenesis, hypoplasia and immature repro tract

Klinefelters syndrome- XXY- males with testicular hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is XX DSD?

What is XY DSD?

A

XX DSD- XX SRY negative, ovotesticular, true hermaphrodite, phenotypical female with masculinisation

XY DSD-
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with female phenotype
SRY-positive, testicular DSD with male phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Form of ovarian dysgenesis in cattle

Sterile female twin from a set of heterozygotic twins

Fusion of placental vessels + sharing of blood during early embryonic development

Testis determining factor, anti-Mullerian hormone- ovarian inhibition of female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two ovarian circulatory disorders?

A

Intrafollicular haemorrhage-
physiological haemorrhage during ovulation
very occasionally severe even lethal

Traumatic haemorrhage-
due to manual enucleation of CL or cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does this image show?

A

Enucleation haemorrhage

Haemorrhage following enucleation of corpus luteum

Blood clot in the ovarian bursa
Large blood clot containing an enucleated corpus luteum located near the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do follicular cysts arise in cattle?

What can happen as a result?

A

Arise from secondary follicles that fail to ovulate, involute or lutenise
Failure in LH releasing during oestrus

Common in cattle

Seqelae-
non-cyclic oestrogen secretion is possible
continuous oestrus, cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Multiple cysts can cause hyperestrogenism- nymphomania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the three tissues primary ovarian neoplasms can originate from?

A

Surface epithelium

Ovarian stroma

Ovarian germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two neoplasms originating from the surface epithelium of the ovary?

A

Papillary cystadenoma-
most common in bitches

Papillary cystadenocarcinoma
occurs in older bitches
invasive growth- implantation on peritoneum, invasion and obstruction
can lead to ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What tumour can arise from the stroma of the ovary?

What species are they common in?

What can they cause?

Describe the histology

A

Granulosa cell tumour

Common in cows and older bitches

Cow- usually benign- secretion of progesterone, oestradiol and/or testosterone

Dogs/cats- are often associated with hyperoestrogenism

Histology- follicular structure and centrally cystic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the tumour that can arise from the ovary germ cells?

A

Dysgerminoma-
older bitches, female to testicular seminoma, can metastasise

Teratoma-
uncommon- mainly bitch
Arise from multipotential cells that produce tissues from 2 or 3 embryological layers- can be bone, cartilage, skin etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 different acquired abnormalities of the fallopian tubes

A

Hydrosalpinx- clear fluid in the tubes due to obstruction either at abdominal or uterine ostium

Salpingitis- inflammation due to ascending infection

Pyosalpinx- pus in tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three uterus deplacements?

A

Torsion- usually gravid uterus
with relaxation of uterine bands and foetal movements
cattle- whole organ- congestion/death

Uterine prolapse

Rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes endometrial hyperplasia?

What are the different types and what causes them?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia- the result of excessive/prolonged female hormonal stimulation

Oestrogen mediated- prolonged non-cyclic oestrogen
hypertrophy of myometrium, hyperplasia of endometrium, hydrometra

Progesterone- bitches, retained CL
predisposes to infection and pyometra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the following terms mean?:

Endometritis

Metritis

Perimetritis

Panmetritis

A

Endometritis- inside

Metritis- involvement of myometrium

Perimetritis- outside

Panmetritis- throughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can cause a pyometra in a cow?

What different agents are more likely to cause it?

What can cause a pyometra in a mare?

A

COW
Persistent CL due to failure of PGF2 alpha- continued progesterone secretion and decreased myometrial contraction with closed cervix

Agents- tritrichomonas fetus spp veneralis

MARE
Postpartum infection independent of persistent CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the different primary tumours of the uterus?

A

Leiomyoma- arising from the smooth muscles of the myometrium
most frequent uterine neoplasm in bitch/cat

Adenocarcinoma-
frequent in older rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What uterine primary neoplasm is this histological image of?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is abortion, stillbirth and when does mummification occur?

When does maceration of the foetus occur?

A

Abortion- the expulsion of embryo/foetus before an age when it could survive

Stillbirth- the expulsion of the dead foetus at an age when it could have survived

Mummification- occurs in absence of uterine infection

Maceration- intrauterine infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What notifiable disease can cause abortion in cattle?

How does it appear histologically?

A

Brucellosis- brucella abortus

Odesa of foetal membranes, necrotic cotyledons, thickened intercotyledonary membranes with yellowish, gelatinous fluid

Foetuses with serosanguinous fluid in subcut tissue and body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can campylobacteriosis cause in a gravid uterus of cattle and sheep?

A

Abortion

Necrotic coytledons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What bacterial abortive agent can be stained with Ziehl-Nielsen
Chlamydia abortus/psittaci Late abortions, premature lambing similar to brucellosis- necrotic cotyledons
26
What protozoan infections can cause abortion?
Neospora caninum- cattle Aborted foetus- focal non-suppurative encephalitis, myocarditis Toxoplasmosis- sheep goats, late gestation frosted strawberries
27
What are the different effects of BVDV when infected at different times in gravid uterus?
1st trimester- abortion or mummification Late 1st to early 3rd- Congenital defects- microencephalopathy
28
What causes border disease virus? How do surviving lambs appear?
Ovine pestivirus- closely related to BVDV Congenital abnormalities of surviving lambs- hypomyelinogenesis and growth of hair instead of wool (hairy shakers)
29
What can cause abortion and pregnancy failure in horses?
Equine herpesvirus 1
30
What are the three porcine reproductive viruses?
Porcine- parvovirus- important cause of SMEDI Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome- PRRS- artevirus, umbilical arteritis Porcine circovirus 2- virus replicated in fetal lymphoid tissues and causes death
31
What are the three causes of vaginitis?
Bovine herpesvirus- 1 Equine herpesvirus- 2 Trypanosome equiperdum
32
33
What are the three primary tumours of the vagina?
Leiomyoma- most often in middle-aged bitches, single or multiple, derived from smooth muscle cells of the vaginal wall Fibroma- Transmissible venereal tumour- bitch- rapid growth, regression
34
What can predispose cows to mastitis?
High incidence of trauma to orifice, sphincter, streak of canal of teat Structural factors Orifices of teat, streak canal- lined by squamous epithelium, trauma may cause break down
35
What are the different agents of streptococcal and staphylococcal mastitis?
Strep agalactiae- mammary gland sole habitat Strep dysgalactiae, uberis- environmental Staphylococcal- aureus, intermedius, hyicus Gangrenous mastitis- blue, cold
36
What causes coliform 'toxic' mastitis?
Primary- e.coli Secondary- enterobacter, klebsiella, citrobacter, serratia Macroscopic- massive oedema, haemorrhage Histology- necrosis, oedema of septal tissue
37
What causes summer mastitis?
Trueperalla pyogenes
38
What are the different primary benign neoplasms of the mammary glands?
Adenoma- well-differentiated luminal epithelial cells Complex adenoma- two cell types- luminal epithelium and myoepithelial cells can be epithelial, connective cartilage
39
What are the different malignant mammary tumours?
Non-infiltrating carcinoma- histological features of malignancy Complex carcinoma- features of malignancy Simple- as adenoma but malignancy features Tubulopapillary carcinoma- formation of tubules and/or papillary projections Solid carcinoma- arrangement of tumour cells in solid sheets, cords or nests Anaplastic carcinoma- highly infiltrative
40
What is feline mammary hypertrophy
Hormonally induced proliferation of primarily intralobular ducts within a proliferative oedematous fibrous stroma Non-encapsulated, one or several mammary glands, benign, rapid growth
41
What are the different cell types of the testicles?
Germ cells- arranged in seminiferous tubules- spermatogenesis Interstitial cells- produce androgens Sertoli cells
42
What are the two anomalies of the development of testes?
Testicular hypoplasia- occurs in most species, lack of spermatogenesis Cryptorchidism- incomplete descent of testis (abdominal or inguinal), prone to torsion, increased tumours
43
What can cause testicular atrophy?
Trauma Compression Circulatory disorders Inflammation Infection Nutritional deficiencies Hyperthermia Ionising radiation Hyperoestrogenism Pituitrary alterations- hypopituitarism
44
What usually causes inflammation of the testes? What agent and ROI?
Usually due to infection Purulent often due to streptococci, E.coli ROI- haematogenous-metastatic ascending infection external wounds
45
What agents cause orchitis and epididymides in horse, sheep, dog and cattle?
Horse- salmonella abortus equi Sheep- corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Brucella Ovis Dog- E.coli, brucella canis Cattle- brucellosis, tuberculosis, chronic inflammation
46
What are the types of testicular tumours of dogs?
Seminoma Sertoli cell tumour Interstitial cell tumour Teratoma- not dogs
47
What is seminoma derived from? How does it appear? Does it metastasise?
Derived from germ cells Firm, bulging, white to pale grey It May become quite large Metastases are rare
48
49
What is a Sertoli cell tumour derived from? How does it grossly appear? What else can Sertoli cell tumours cause?
Derived from supporting cells of seminiferous tubules Common especially increased in cryptorchid testes Bulging, whitish-grey cut surface Metastases rare Signs of feminisation =25% (oestrogen or reduced testosterone) Bilateral alopecia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, atrophy of opposite testis, the attraction of male dogs, bone marrow suppression
50
What does an interstitial cell tumour arise from? How does it grossly appear?
Derived from interstitial cells surrounding seminiferous tubules Soft, yellow to orange, well-demarcated, bulging cut surface, often with haemorrhage and cystic spaces
51
What are the 4 types of non-neoplastic diseases of the prostate?
Atrophy- castration, oestrogen administration Squamous metaplasia- chronic infection Prostatitis- dogs Prostatic hyperplasia- common in older dogs, diffuse expansion of the gland, often with cyst formation
52
What is the most common prostatic tumours?
Adenocarcinoma or non-differentiated carcinoma
53
What are the following types of inflammation? Phalloposthitis Balanoposthitis
Phalloposthitis- entire penis and prepuce Balanoposthitis- glans penis and prepuce
54
What causes fibropapilloma in bulls?
Bovine papilloma virus type 1
55
What neoplasm commonly affects stallion penis?
Squamous cell papilloma benign
56
Other than squamous cell papillomas, what other benign neoplasm can affect stallions penis?
Sarcoids- bovine papilloma virus type 1
57
What are the malignant tumours of the stallion's penis?
Squamous cell carcinoma- most often glans penis Often superficially ulcerated and necrotic
58
A 12-year-old bitch 4 weeks post-season with depression and lethargy, PU/PD with vaginal discharge Describe gross lesion
Organ- uterus Location- both horns and body Distribution- diffuse Size- enlargement Shape- conforms to the shape of the uterus Colour- dark/red/brown Consistency- liquid exudate
59
9 year old was spayed and had enlarged ovary Give a gross description On histology- there was no normal ovarian tissue (developing follicles or stromal cells) with a tubular pattern and the present cells appear with lipid vacuoles? What is the diagnosis? Why is the dog displaying behaviour changes?
Organ- ovary Location- cortex and medulla Distribution- focal Size- 6x3cm Shape- multinodular mass with multifocal cystic spaces Colour- pale tan, haemorrhagic contents Consistency- firm Cells producing hormone-lipid vacuoles- behaviour changes Ovary- granulosa cell tumour
60
Describe the gross changes from this testis? On low power histology, the lesion is well demarcated On high power, there is a diffuse sheet of neoplastic cells with lymphocytes surrounding What is the diagnosis?
Organ- testicle Location- parenchyma Distribution- focal Size- x2x2cm Shape- irregular, nodular Colour- pale tan Consistency- soft to firm Diagnosis- seminoma tumour

Year 3 Pathology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions