GI 1, 2 and 3: Upper GI tract Flashcards
What epithelium lines the lip, tongue and oral cavity?
Lip- squamous epithelium, keratinised
Tongue- squamous epithelium, not keratinised, papillae
Oral cavity- squamous epithelium, not keratinised
What developmental abnormalities do these images show?
Left- cat cleft palate
Right- inferior agnathia
What terms are used to describe oral developmental abnormalities?:
part of mouth not present
short either maxilla/mandible
One of the above affecting mandible
One of the above affecting maxilla
Agnathia- not present
Brachygnathia (short), Prognathia (long)
Superior- maxilla
Inferior- mandible
What can cause neurogenic atrophy of lingual muscles?
-part of tongue atrophies
- Damage to the hypoglossal nerve in horses- guttural pouch mycosis
- Starvation- lack of nutrients
- Lack of blood supply- chronic hepatic congestion
- Lack of innervation- nerve transection
- Disuse
- Pressure- neoplasia
- Loss of hormonal stimulation- testicular atrophy
When do the following oral circulatory disorders occur?:
Pallor
Cyanosis
Petechial haemorrhage
Pallor- anaemia/heart failure
Cyanosis- blue or purple colouration of mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on O2- uraemia, nitrate poisoning, blue tongue
Petechial haemorrhage [lots of little dots]- clotting defect, septicaemia, intoxications
What do the following terms mean?:
Stomatitis
Chelitis
Gingivitis
Glossitis
Palatitis
Sialoadenitis
Tonsilitis
Phraryngitis
- Stomatitis- inflam of the oral cavity
- Chelitis- inflam of the elips
- Gingivitis- gums
- Glossitis- tongue
- Palatitis- hard or soft palate
- Sialoadenitits- salivary glands
- Tonsilitis- I mean yeh come one
- Pharyngitis- use your creativity
What can cause gingivitis?
What are the associated conditions?
- Poor oral hygiene
- Opportunistic bacterial infections
- Gingival trauma
- Immunodeficiency
Associated conditions
Stomatitis, oral ulceration, glossitis
Eosinophilic granuloma complex- cat
Tonsilitis
secondary to periodontal disease
What is the agent of necrobacillus?
What is its alternative name?
What are the clinical signs?
Describe the pathogenesis
Agent- fusoforum necrophorum
AKA- calf Diptheria
CS- swollen and dribbling
Path- invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa as commensal/opportunistic pathogen, extensive necrosis due to toxins
What agent causes wooden tongue?
How does it invade and what does it lead to?
What is the DDX?
Agent- opportunistic actinobacillus ligniersi
Invasion and colonisation of damaged mucosa
This leads to pyogranulomatous inflammation with extensive fibrosis and abscess formation
DDX- jumpy jaw (osteomyelitis of mandible due to actinomyces bovis)
What viral agent is responsible for blue tongue?
Describe its pathogenesis
How do early phase and chronic findings differ?
Orbivirus
Pathogenesis- insect bite by culicoide spp, viraemia, infection of endothelial cells, endothelial damage leading to microthrombi, haemorrhages and ischaemic damage
Early phase- hyperaemia/oedema of oral and nasal mucosa- cyanosis of tonuge
Late phase- ischaemic necrosis
When viral diseases cause vesicles what is the common term?
Why do they occur?
Blisters
Due to ballooning degeneration of epithelial cells
What species are affected by foot and mouth disease?
What is the route of infection?
Where are ulcers commonly located?
Describe the pathogenesis
Species- cattle, swine, sheep- clinically silent in wild ruminants
ROI- aerosol/oropharyngeal infection
Ulcers-
Tongue, lips, palate, skin near coronary band to interdigital space, ruminal mucosa
Pathogenesis
- Tropism for squamous epithelial cells
- Ballooning degeneration of cells
- cells detach
- Oedema and fibrin fills space- vesicles
- Vesicles coalesce- bullae
- Erosion/ulcers
What are the DDXs for viral disease-causing erosive and ulcerative stomatitis?
BVD- mucosal disease
Bovine malignant catarrhal fever
Blue tongue
What agent causes BVDV?
What presentation does it mainly occur?
What if the animal is pregnant?
When does mucosal disease occur?
How does mucosal disease appear?
Pestivirus BVDV type 1
BDV- mainly acute diarrhoea and rhinitis
Pregnant
1/3- abort
2/3- viraemic calf
3/3- ok calf
MD occurs in persistently infected calves
Grossly-
in oral mucosa and muzzle
In oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa
What viral agents cause malignant catarrhal fever?
When do animals become infected?
What lesions does it cause?
What diseases are associated with it?
Due to ovine herpesvirus type 2 or alcelahpine herpesvirus type 1
Sporadic disease observes in animals in contact with sheep
Erosions in oral oesophageal, abomasal and intestinal mucosa
Often associated with conjunctivitis and keratitis
What viral disease can cause erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in cats?
Feline calicivirus disease
Feline herpes virus infection- cat flu
What fungal agent mainly affects young suckling animals- especially when in poor hygiene conditions?
Candida albicans- Candidasis
Can infect immunocompromised adults
What parasites can infect the upper GI tract?
Cysticercus cellulosae- lingual muscle pigs
Larvae of Taenia solium
Cysticercus bovis- lingual muscle Cows
Larvae to T.saginata
Trichinella spiralis and sarcosporidia in the lingual muscle
What idiopathic inflammatory process can affect cats?
How can it present?
Eosinophillic granuloma complex- cat
Eosinophilic indolent ulcer- upper lip
Oral eosinophilic granuloma- tongue, soft palate
Eosinophilic plaque- abdomen, thighs
What bacteria can colonise tonsillar crypts?
Haemolytic streptococci
Certain coliform bacteria
What benign and malignant neoplasms can affect the oral cavity?
Benign-
- Papillomas
- Epulides
Malignant-
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Osteosarcoma
What condition does this image show?
What species are affected?
Where can the lesions be found?
What are of animals are more commonly affected?
What agent induces the condition?
What is usually done?
Viral papillomas
Dogs, cats, cattle, rabbits- most
Oral and labial mucosa
Mainly younger animals
Induced by papillomavirus
Spontaneous regression probable
What species are commonly affected by epulides?
What tissue do epulides derive from?
What are the three subtypes?
Dogs
Derive from periodontal ligament or connective tissue
Sub types-
- Fibrous epulis- expansile, no invasion, composed of fibroblasts and collagen
- Ossifying epulis- fibromatous epulis, but with bone formation
- Acanthomatous epulis- contains stratified epithelium, invades underlying bone
Where does an oral squamous cell carcinoma derive from?
In what species is it the most common oral malignant neoplasm?
In what species is it the second most common?
Where does it commonly metastasise to?
What does squamous cell carcinoma frequently invade?
Deriving from oral squamous epithelium
Cats- most common malignant
Dogs- second most frequent
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes
Frequent invasion of adjacent soft tissue, skeletal muscle and bone
What can be sequelae of squamous cell carcinomas commonly in dogs?
How does it appear histologically?
Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
Early metastasis into regional lymph nodes- larger than primary tumour
Histo-
multifocal squamous differentiation and pearl formation- compact eosinophilic material
Basal membrane is focally interrupted and infiltrated by chords of neoplastic cells that infiltrate the lymphoid tissue
What do melanomas derive from
What species are they most common in?
Why is the prognosis very poor?
Why can they rarely grossly appear differently?
Deriving from melanocytes from pigmented mucosa
Dogs- most common
Highly invasive- early metastases- haematogenous and lymphatic to lungs and LNs
Rare amelanotic forms too
Where does an oral fibrosarcoma originate from?
What species is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity?
What is common with fibrosarcomas?
Deriving from the connective tissue of the oral cavity
Cat- second most frequent malignant
Frequent invasion of underlying connective tissue, skeletal muscle and bone.
Can lead to widespread metastases
Looks similar to squamous cell carcinoma
Image shows salivary glands slide
Can you identify the following structures?:
- Ganglion cell
- Artery
- Mucous acini
- Excretory duct
- Intercalated duct
- Serous acini
- Interlobular connective tissue
- Interlobar ducts
What epithelium lines the forestomach of ruminants?
From the image which are the reticulum, rumen and omasum?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Reticulum- honey comb
Rumen- lentils
Omasum- lumpy folds
What does this image of the rumen show?
What is the most likely cause?
What sequelae can come from this?
Rumen- rumenitis and ulcers
Cause-
lactic acidosis causes chemical rumenitis allowing for secondary infection
Rumenitis sequelae-
Bacterial entry to portal circulation- Leads to hepatic abscesses
Caudal vena cava- embolic pneumonia- cor pulmonae, caudal vena cava syndrome
What are the different regions of the stomach?
What cells in the stomach produce: gastric acid, pepsinogen?
Fundus parietal cells- produce gastric acid
Chief cells- produce pepsinogen
What does this image show?
What are the DDXs?
Acute haemorrhagic gastritis
DDXs
- Poisons
- Infectious diseases
- NSAIDs
-
Braxy- sheep in cold climates, due to clostridium septicum enterotoxin
severe oedema and emphysema in submucosa, haemorrhage/venous thrombosis
Describe the pathology of uraemic gastritis?
- Chronic renal failure leads to the excretion of a high concentration of ammonium in saliva and gastric juice
- Causes coagulative necrosis, haemorrhage, neutrophil inflammation, mineralisation
- Leading to endothelial damage and necrosis- thrombosis and then infarction
