Eye

Question 0

What includes the Corneoscleral coat of eye

Answer 0

Sclera + cornea

Question 1

What are the three layers of the eye

Answer 1

Corneoscleral coat
Vascular coat
Retina

Question 2

What includes the vascular coat of eye

Answer 2

UVEA

Choroid + stroma of ciliary body and iris

Question 3

What is included in the retinal layer

Answer 3

Retina and epithelium of ciliary body and iris

Question 4

What are the three chambers of the eye

Answer 4

Anterior chamber
Posterior chamber
Vitreous chamber

Question 5

Eye development starts at 22 days with what structure

Answer 5

Optic sulci

Question 6

An invagination occurs that forms the optic cup… What do the layers of the optic cup make

Answer 6

Inner layer- neural retinal layer

Outer layer- retinal pigmented epithelium

Question 7

Why is the choroid fissure in the eye important

Answer 7

It allows hyaloid vessels to reach the inner chamber of the eye

Question 8

What does the proximal portion of the hyaloid artery become

Answer 8

Central artery and vein of the retina

Question 9

What is the key regulatory gene for eye development

Answer 9

PAX6

Question 10

What does PAX 6 do?

Answer 10

Initiates the formation of a single eye field that is later separated Into two by SHH

Question 11

What is a coloboma

Answer 11

Cleft in the iris

Question 12

What are congenital cataracts

Answer 12

Clouding of lens during intrauterine life

Can be caused by rubella

Question 13

What is microphthalmia

Answer 13

When the eye is too small

Often from CMV or toxoplasmosis

Question 14

Anophthalmia

Answer 14

Absence of an eye

Question 15

Congenital aphakia

Answer 15

Absence of the lens

Usually caused by defect in pax 6

Question 16

Cyclopia

Answer 16

Fusion of the eyes

Question 17

What are factors that can affect midline structures and cause synophthalmia

Answer 17

Alcohol
Mutations in SHH
Defects in cholesterol metabolism

Question 18

Aniridia ?

Answer 18

Absence of the iris

Mutations of PAX 6

Question 19

What is WAGR syndrome

Answer 19

Wilm’s tumor
Aniridia
Genitourinary abnormalities
Retardation (mental)

Question 20

What is the first layer of the cornea and what is it made of

Answer 20

Corneal epithelium

5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

Question 21

What is conjunctivilization of the cornea

Answer 21

Vascularization, appearance of goblet cells, and irregular/unstable epithelium

Question 22

What is your anterior BM that doesn’t regenerate in your cornea

Answer 22

Bowman’s membrane

Question 23

What is the third layer of the cornea and what is it made of

Answer 23

Corneal stroma

Collagen fibrils

Question 24

What is the fourth layer of the cornea that can regenerate

Answer 24

Descemet's membrane

Question 25

What is the fifth layer of the cornea that provides for metabolic exchange

Answer 25

Corneal endothelium

Question 26

What do the tendons of the extra ocular muscles insert onto

Answer 26

Sclera

Question 27

The Corneoscleral limbus is an abrupt transition from where to where

Answer 27

The cornea to the sclera

Question 28

The canal of Schlemm drains the aqueous humor from where

Answer 28

Anterior chamber

Question 29

The most anterior part of the vascular coat (or uvea) is _______

Answer 29

The iris

Question 30

What kind of epithelium does the ciliary body and processes have

Answer 30

Ciliary epithelium

Question 31

What are the three functions of the ciliary epithelium

Answer 31

Secretion of aqueous humor Participate in blood-aqueous barrier Secretion and anchoring of zonular fibers that form suspensory ligament of lens

Question 32

What kind of connections holds the cells together of the ciliary epithelium and creates ciliary channels

Answer 32

Desmosomes | Gap junctions

Question 33

What is the route of circulation of aqueous humor

Answer 33

Ciliary body > between iris and lens > anterior chamber of eye > lateral to cornea and iris >trabecular meshwork > canal of Schlemm

Question 34

What are the two types of glaucoma

Answer 34

Open angle | Closed angle

Question 35

What occurs in open angle glaucoma

Answer 35

Trabeculae meshwork drains the aqueous humor but canal of Schlemm is blocked

Question 36

What occurs in closed angle glaucoma

Answer 36

Nothing drains because of inflammation

Question 37

How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors help glaucoma

Answer 37

They inhibit aqueous humor formation (carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme CA2

Question 38

What are the two layers of the choroid

Answer 38

Choriocapillary layer | Bruch's membrane

Question 39

What are the 4 types of cells of the retina

Answer 39

Photoreceptors Conducting neurons Association neurons Supporting cells

Question 40

The retinal pigmented epithelium helps form the blood-retina barrier but what does that do

Answer 40

Isolates retinal cells from blood borne substances

Question 41

What type of image do rods provide

Answer 41

Gray tones

Question 42

What type of image do cones provide

Answer 42

Red, green, and blue tones

Question 43

What is the fovea

Answer 43

Small shallow depression at the posterior pole of the eye

Question 44

Foveola?

Answer 44

Central region of the fovea that is almost entirely cones

Question 45

Macula lutea?

Answer 45

Area surrounding fovea

Question 46

Why is the macula lutea yellow

Answer 46

It has xanthophyll

Question 47

What is the optic disc

Answer 47

Blind spot where optic nerve exits

Question 48

How does a retinal detachment occur

Answer 48

A potential space exists between two layers of optic cup | The neural retina can pull away from the retinal pigment epithelium

Question 49

What is dry AMD

Answer 49

Degenerative lesions of the macula lutea (thickening of Bruch's membrane, depigmentation of retinal pigmented epithelium, destruction of capillaries)

Question 50

What is wet AMD

Answer 50

Complication of dry AMD where new blood vessels begin to appear that can leak

Question 51

What are the fibers that suspend the lens in the eye

Answer 51

Zonular fibers

Question 52

What is the lens capsule made of

Answer 52

Type 4 collagen | Proteoglycans

Question 53

What are the three layers of the lens

Answer 53

Lens capsule Subscapular epithelium Lens fibers

Question 54

The lens is normally transparent but it is filled with what protein

Answer 54

Crystallins

Question 55

How does excess glucose cause cataracts

Answer 55

Sorbitol interacts with crystallins making them less opaque

Question 56

What do hyalocytes do in the vitreous body

Answer 56

Synthesize collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans