Urinary System

Question 0

What is the outer portion of he parenchyma of the kidney

Answer 0

Cortex

Question 1

What are the two hormones produced by the urinary system

Answer 1

Renin

Erythropoietin

Question 2

What is the inner portion of the parenchyma of the kidney

Answer 2

Medulla

Question 3

What is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 3

Nephron

Question 4

What are the two parts of the nephron

Answer 4

Renal corpuscle

Tubular part

Question 5

Main function of the renal corpuscle

Answer 5

Filtration

Question 6

Main function of the tubular part

Answer 6

Absorption and secretion

Question 7

Two parts of the renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Bowmans capsule

Question 8

What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle

Answer 8

Vascular pole

Urinary pole

Question 9

What can be found at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

Answer 9

Afferent vessels enter
Efferent vessels exit
Afferent branch and form glomerulus

Question 10

What can be found at the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle

Answer 10

Beginning of tubular part

Question 11

What is the outer layer of Bowmans capsule made of

Answer 11

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 12

What is the inner layer of Bowmans capsule made of

Answer 12

Podocytes

Question 13

What is the filtration barrier between blood and urinary space in the glomerulus

Answer 13

Basement membrane

Question 14

What is the composition of glomerular filtrate

Answer 14

Similar to plasma but contains almost no protein

Question 15

Where will you find mesangial cells

Answer 15

Within the capillary walls of the glomerulus

Question 16

What receptors do mesangial cells have on them

Answer 16

Angiotensin 2

Atrial naturetic factor

Question 17

What functions do mesangial cells have

Answer 17

Structural support
Synthesize extracellular matrix
Endocytosis
Control blood flow

Question 18

What type of epithelium does the proximal convoluted have

Answer 18

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 19

What are some of the characteristics of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

Numerous mitochondria
Abundant microvili
Abundant infoldings

Question 20

What is absorbed back in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 20

Glucose
Small proteins
Amino acids
85%of water and NaCl

Question 21

What is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubules

Answer 21

Creatinine
Organic acids
Organic bases

Question 22

What are the 4 potential parts of the loop of Henley

Answer 22

Thick descending limb
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Thick ascending limb

Question 23

What are the two types of nephrons based on loop of Henley and location of the renal corpuscle

Answer 23

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 24

What creates the hyperosmotic gradient in the medulla?

Answer 24

Juxtamedullary nephrons | Specifically the selective permeability of the thin ascending and descending loops to water and NaCl

Question 25

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 25

Simple cuboidal

Question 26

What are some of the characteristics of the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

Mitochondria NO BRUSH BORDER Basal membrane infoldings

Question 27

What is aldosterone dependent in the distal convoluted tubules

Answer 27

Absorb sodium | Secrete potassium

Question 28

What is acid base balance dependent in the distal convoluted tubules

Answer 28

Secrete hydrogen and ammonium

Question 29

What are the three cell types of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 29

Cells of macula densa JG cells Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 30

What is the macula densa

Answer 30

A modified segment of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule

Question 31

What is the function of the cells of the macula densa

Answer 31

They are sensitive to ionic content and water volume of the tubular fluid

Question 32

What do JG cells secrete

Answer 32

Renin

Question 33

What are JG cells

Answer 33

Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

Question 34

What activates the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system

Answer 34

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 35

What connects a distal convoluted tubule to a collecting duct

Answer 35

Collecting tubule

Question 36

What type of epithelium makes up the collecting tubules and ducts

Answer 36

Simple cuboidal which turns to columnar

Question 37

What are the two cell types present in collecting tubule/duct epithelium

Answer 37

Light cells | Dark cells

Question 38

Where are light cells located

Answer 38

Throughout collecting ducts and tubules

Question 39

Where are dark cells located

Answer 39

Cortical region

Question 40

What do dark cells do

Answer 40

Secrete hydrogen ion or bicarbonate

Question 41

Ducts becomes permeable to water in the presence of what

Answer 41

ADH

Question 42

What is the main artery that supplies blood to the cortex/medulla

Answer 42

Renal artery

Question 43

What branch of renal artery gives of afferent arterioles

Answer 43

Interlobar arteries

Question 44

What is important about the vasa recta arteries

Answer 44

They make straight hair pin turns and descend out into the medulla alongside the loop of Henley helping maintain the osmotic gradient of the medulla

Question 45

What do all the veins of the kidney drain into?

Answer 45

Renal vein

Question 46

Urine is no longer modified once it reaches where

Answer 46

Leaves collecting duct

Question 47

What is the lining of the ureter

Answer 47

Transitional epithelium

Question 48

What are the two muscle layers of the bladder

Answer 48

``` Inner layer (longitudinal) Outer layer (circular) ```

Question 49

What is the ring like muscle arrangement at the opening of the urethra

Answer 49

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 50

What is the epithelium of the female urethra

Answer 50

Transitional to stratified squamous

Question 51

What is the transition of epithelium of the male urethra

Answer 51

Transitional Pseudostratified columnar Stratified squamous