Eye Conditions

Question 1

Explain neoplasia

Answer 1

Cell proliferation causes abnormal growth
Affects whole body (pain, fatigue, weight loss)
Anaemia/Leukopenia/Clotting/Infection

Question 2

Explain retinoblastoma

Answer 2

Malignant tumour AD
Leukocoria (white/yellow pupil)
Orbital Inf. / Strabismus / 2• glaucoma

Question 3

Explain retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 3

Bilateral retinal degeneration
Pigment deposits, BV attenuation, Pale OD
VF loss

Question 4

Explain optic atrophy

Answer 4

Retinal GC damage ~ cell death
ADOA
VA loss/colour vision slowly develop

Question 5

Explain CVD and ocular hypertension complications

Answer 5

HBP >140/90
Atherosclerosis
CRVO/CRAO

Question 6

Explain atheromatuous diseas

Answer 6

Neck plaques disintegrate into circulation
asymptomatic emboli/TIA

Question 7

Explain multiple sclerosis and signs

Answer 7

Genetic PreDisposed Viral trigger attacks myelin sheath (impulse transmission)

Fatigue, VA/colour vision reduced, Diplopoda, RAPD

Treat with steroids (modified drugs)

Question 8

Explain myasthenia gravis

Answer 8

Muscle weakness due to circulating antibodies ~ Diplopia, ptosis, face movements

Immunosuppressants block ACh receptors

Question 9

Explain Sjogren syndrome

Answer 9

Dry eyes, nose, mouth ~ lymphocytes infiltrate salivary/lacrimal glands

Question 10

Explain hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

Excessive thyroid production

Goitre, palpitations, sweating, weight loss
Ptosis, Dry eye, Diplopia, Optic neuropathy

Treat with anti-thyroid B blockers

Question 11

Explain Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 11

Chronic inflammation of lumbar spine/Sacro-iliac joint (pelvis)

Iritis, uveitis (pain, red eye, vis loss, floaters, photophobia)

Treat with NSAIDs, steroids, painkillers, surgery

Question 12

Explain rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 12

F>M
Stiff swollen joints (dry eye, uveitis, episcleritis, corneal thinning)

NSAIDs, steroids

Question 13

Explain diabetes mellitus

Answer 13

Type 1/2
Mature-Onset-Diabetes-Young
Latent-Autoimmune-Diabetes

1• pathogenesis chronic hyperglycaemia/systemic hypertension

Question 14

What are the macrovascular and micro vascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 14

Macro: stroke (angina/MI), hypertension, P. Vascular occlusions, gangrene

Micro: DR/cataracts/renal/neuropathy/gangrene

Question 15

Explain the causes of DR

Answer 15

Causes: microangiopathy, changes in major retinal arteries/veins
Capillary flow loses control damaging cells ~ endothelial cells blocked/leak

Leak into neurosensory retina
Plasma (odaema)
Lipids (hard exudates)
RBCs (dot haemorrhage)

Question 16

Explain the risk factors of DR

Answer 16

Increased duration
Poor glycemic control
Hypertension
Pregnancy/Puberty
Smoking

Question 17

Explain the differences between NPDR and PDR

Answer 17

NPDR: microaneurysms, dot/blot haems. Retinal odeoma, lipid hard exudates, cotton wool spots, IRMA, venous beading/loops

PDR: pretinal/OD/iris neovasc. Vitreous haem, fractional RetDet

Question 18

Explain cotton wool spots and hard exudates

Answer 18

Cotton wool: mitochondrial accumulation ~ white swellings

Lipid hard exudates: fat phagocytosis in retinal space