Eye Disorders: Pathophys/Etiology

Question 1

Eversion of eyelid and eyelashes

Answer 1

Ectropion

Question 2

relaxation of _______ causes ectropion

Answer 2

orbicularis oculi

Question 3

Inversion of eyelid and eyelashes

Answer 3

Entropion

Question 4

Spasm of ______ may cause entropion

Answer 4

orbicularis oculi

Question 5

Which is more common in elderly patients? Entropion or Ectropion

Answer 5

Entropion

Question 6

Infection of lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction

Answer 6

Dacrocystitis

Question 7

4 Infectious agents that commonly cause dacrocystitis…

Answer 7

staph epidermis
staph aureus
GAS
Pseudomonas

Question 8

Inflammation of the eyelid margin.

Can be posterior or anterior.

Answer 8

Blepharitis

Question 9

Which type of blepharitis:

• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
• MC Type of blepharitis

Answer 9

Posterior

Question 10

2 types of anterior blepharitis:

Answer 10

infectious (staph aureus or epidermis)

seborrheic

Question 11

______ blepharitis involves the skin and base of eyelashes

Answer 11

anterior

Question 12

localized abscess of the eyelid margin…

Answer 12

Hordeolum

Question 13

MC cause of hordeolum

Answer 13

Staph Aureus (90% of cases)

Question 14

Painless indurated granuloma of internal Meibomian sebaceous gland

Answer 14

Chalazion

Question 15

Chalazion is caused by obstruction of what gland(s)?

Answer 15

Zeis or Meibomian Glands

Question 16

Slow growing thickening of bulbar conjunctiva consisting of fat, protein and calcium.

Answer 16

Pinguecula

Question 17

Slow growing thickening of bulbar conjunctiva which starts medially

Answer 17

Pterygium

Question 18

Disruption of the outer membranes of the eye due to blunt or penetrating trauma

911

Answer 18

Globe rupture

Question 19

Fx of orbital floor due to blunt trauma

May lead to trapping of eye structures

Answer 19

Orbital Floor “Blowout Fx”

Question 20

Orbital Floor consists of which 3 bones?

Answer 20

zygomatic, palatine, maxillary

Question 21

4 types of orbital floor fx…

Answer 21

Inferior, Medial, Superior, lateral

Question 22

Which type of orbital floor fx is MC?

Answer 22

Inferior (floor)

Question 23

Which type of orbital floor fx?

orbital fat and/or inferior rectus prolapse into maxillary sinus

Answer 23

Inferior

Question 24

Which type of orbital floor fx?

orbital fat and medial rectal prolapse into ethmoid air cells

Answer 24

Medial

Question 25

Uncommon types of orbital floor fx...

Answer 25

superior/lateral

Question 26

MC primary intraocular malignancy of childhood Most dx before age 3

Answer 26

Retinoblastoma

Question 27

2 types of retinoblastoma:

Answer 27

Non-heritable | heritable

Question 28

Retinoblastoma is due to mutations in _____gene

Answer 28

RB1 gene

Question 29

Which type of retinoblastoma may develop into bilateral retinoblastoma?

Answer 29

heritable

Question 30

MC cause of permanent legal blindness and vision loss in older adults (75+ yo)

Answer 30

Macular Degeneration

Question 31

2 types of Macular Degeneration

Answer 31

Dry (atrophic), Wet (neovascular/exudative)

Question 32

Which type of macular degeneration is not as common, but more aggressive?

Answer 32

Wet (within months)

Question 33

Which type of macular degeneration is MC type, and is progressive in nature?

Answer 33

Dry (over decades)

Question 34

MC cause of new, permanent vision loss in 20-74 yo...

Answer 34

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 35

3 Types of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 35

nonproliferative, proliferative, maculopathy

Question 36

Damage to the retinal blood vessels from longstanding high blood pressure...

Answer 36

hypertensive retinopathy

Question 37

retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from...

Answer 37

underlying retina pigment epithelium

Question 38

3 Types of Retinal Detachment

Answer 38

Rhegmatogenous Tractional Exudative/serous

Question 39

Which type of Retinal Detachment? MC Type: full thickness tear inner sensory layer detachment from choroid plexus

Answer 39

Rhegmatogenous

Question 40

Which type of Retinal Detachment? adhesion separate retina from base caused by: sickle cell, trauma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 40

Tractional

Question 41

Which type of Retinal Detachment? fluid accumulates beneath retina causing detachment caused by: HTN, CRVO, Papilledema

Answer 41

Exudative

Question 42

Neonatal conjunctival infection contracted by newborns during delivery

Answer 42

ophthalmia neonatorum

Question 43

Day 1 cause of neonatal conjunctivitis:

Answer 43

chemical: silver nitrate

Question 44

Days 2-5 cause of neonatal conjunctivitis:

Answer 44

MC gonococcal

Question 45

Days 5-7 cause of neonatal conjunctivits

Answer 45

MC chlamydia trachomatis

Question 46

MC causative agent of adult bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 46

Staph aureus

Question 47

Non Staph Aureus causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults (3)

Answer 47

Strep Pneumo, H. Flu, M. Catarrhalis

Question 48

2 STIs that can cause adult bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 48

gonorrhea, chlamydia

Question 49

2 methods of transmission for bacterial conjunctivitis...

Answer 49

direct contact | autoinoculation

Question 50

MC cause of viral conjunctivitis...

Answer 50

adenovirus

Question 51

MC source of viral conjunctivitis during outbreaks...

Answer 51

swimming pools

Question 52

viral conjunctivitis is trasmitted via...

Answer 52

direct contact

Question 53

viral conjunctivitis is MC in...

Answer 53

children

Question 54

in allergic conjunctivitis, allergen contact in eye causes __________ degranulation to release _________

Answer 54

mast cell degranulation release histamine

Question 55

What type of ocular chemical burn is worse, alkali or acidic?

Answer 55

alkali

Question 56

Which type of ocular chemical burn? causes liquefactive necrosis denatures proteins causes thrombosis of vessels

Answer 56

alkali burn

Question 57

which type of ocular chemical burn? causes coagulative necrosis

Answer 57

acid burns

Question 58

misalignment of one or both eyes

Answer 58

strabismus

Question 59

Convergent strabismus, deviation inward

Answer 59

esotropia

Question 60

divergent strabismus, deviation outward

Answer 60

exotropia

Question 61

stable ocular alignment not present until what age?

Answer 61

2-3mo

Question 62

Orbital cellulitis is often what type of infection?

Answer 62

Polymicrobial

Question 63

Orbital cellulitis is MC in what age group?

Answer 63

7-12 yo

Question 64

Orbital cellulitis is MC as secondary infection after...

Answer 64

sinus infection (ethmoid sinus)

Question 65

Infection of fat and ocular muscles posterior to orbital septum...

Answer 65

orbital cellulitis

Question 66

infection of eyelid and periocular tissue anterior to orbital septum

Answer 66

preseptal/periorbital cellulitis

Question 67

Corneal ulceration and/or inflammation may be sight-threatening

Answer 67

Keratitis

Question 68

What type of keratitis is increased in contact lens wearers?

Answer 68

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 69

3 MC agents of keratitis...

Answer 69

staph aureus, streptococci, pseudomonas

Question 70

Herpes keratitis occurs due to reactivation in the _________ ganglion. Major cause of blindness in US

Answer 70

trigeminal ganglion

Question 71

inflammation of the iris or ciliary body

Answer 71

Anterior uveitis

Question 72

inflammation of the choroid

Answer 72

posterior uveitis

Question 73

3 etiologies of uveitis

Answer 73

systemic inflammatory/autoimmune disease infection trauma

Question 74

CMV, Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis can cause what eye infection?

Answer 74

uveitis

Question 75

HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathies, sarcoidosis, IBD can cause what eye infection?

Answer 75

uveitis

Question 76

lens opacification that is usually bilateral

Answer 76

Cataract

Question 77

MC cause of blindness worldwide

Answer 77

cataract

Question 78

optic nerve swelling due to increased ICP

Answer 78

papilledema

Question 79

acute inflammatory demyelination of the opti nerve...

Answer 79

optic neuritis

Question 80

Increased intraocular pressure leading to damage of optic nerve leading cause of preventable blindness in the US

Answer 80

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

Question 81

decreased drainage of aqueous humor via trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

Answer 81

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

Question 82

slow, progressive, painless bilateral peripheral vision loss...

Answer 82

chronic/open angle glaucoma

Question 83

rapid, painful unilateral vision loss

Answer 83

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

Question 84

increased intraocular prssure due to reduced aqueous drainage through trabeculum

Answer 84

chronic/open angle glaucoma

Question 85

transient monocular vision loss lasting minutes with complete recover

Answer 85

amaurosis fugax

Question 86

transient blindness associated with retinal emboli or ischemia

Answer 86

amaurosis fugax

Question 87

amaurosis fugax can be seen with what conditions (5)

Answer 87

``` TIA/Carotid Artery Disease Giant Cell Arteritis CRAO Migraine SLE ```

Question 88

Retinal artery thrombus/embolus 911

Answer 88

central retinal artery occlusion

Question 89

Central retinal artery occlusion is MC in what patient population?

Answer 89

MC 50-80 yo w. atherosclerotic disease

Question 90

MC etiology of CRAO

Answer 90

emboli from carotid artery atherosclerosis

Question 91

2nd MC cause of CRAO, but MC cause in young patients w/o atherosclerosis

Answer 91

cardiogenic emboli

Question 92

thrombus in retinal vein leading to backup of fluid in retina

Answer 92

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion