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Life Science, T2 > Eye & Ear > Flashcards

Eye & Ear Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Sound

A

Pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

3 regions of ear

A

Outer
Inner
Middle

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3
Q

Outer ear structure

A

Pinna
Auditory Canal
Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

How pinna is suited for it’s function

A

Outside of the and trumpet shaped to direct sound waves through the auditory canal to the Tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Pinna

A

Traps sound waves and directs sound waves to Tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Auditory canal

A

Transmits sound waves to Tympanic membrane & has cerumen glands

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7
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Transfers sound waves to ossicle (smallest bones in body) of middle ear

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8
Q

Ear wax/cerumen

A

Prevent small organisms from entering ear
Prevents ear drum from drying out

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9
Q

Hairs in auditory canal

A

Prevent small organisms from entering the ear

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10
Q

Sound conduction in ear

A

Sound waves collected by pinna and focused to EAC
Vibration pass down the EAC and strike TM

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11
Q

Middle ear & structures

A

Air filled cavity within skull
Seperated from outer ear by TM
Seperated from inner ear by OW and Round Window
Eustachian Tube joins middle ear to throat (pharynx)
Ossicles
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

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12
Q

Function of middle ear

A

Amplify & transmit vibrations from TM to oval window

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13
Q

Middle ear and amplification of sound

A

Sound vibrations move from large TM to smaller OW
Ossicles that transmit vibrations decrease in size from the hammer to the anvil to the stirrup

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14
Q

How TM and OW contribute to amplification of sound

A

TM is wider in diameter than OW increasing area 20 times, this would cause sound to be amplified.

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15
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Connect middle ear with throat
Excess fluid from middle ear drains into throat
Equalise pressure on either side of TM

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16
Q

Roel of Eustachian Tube

A

Causes pressure on either side of TM to be equalized thereby prevents it from tearing.

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17
Q

Ear & altitude

A

Atmospheric pressure (AT) decreases with altitude.
The AT in middle ear is then higher than pressure outside ear.
Hence eardrum bulges which affects vibrations of Ossicles
Hence when person yawns, air is sucked from middle ear through ET and pressure difference on either side of TM is corrected.

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18
Q

Water & Ear

A

Deeper u dive= higher water pressure
Water exerts pressure on TM
Pressure in Auditory Canal is higher than pressure in middle ear
TM bulges inwards
Closing your nose and blowing air forces air into middle ear via ET
Therefore equalising both sides of TM

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19
Q

Ear & altitude

A

Higher altitude =less air pressure
Pressure in Auditory Canal becomes less than pressure inside middle ear
TM experiences pressure from middle ears side & bulges outward
Air needs to leave middle ear via ET to Equalise pressure on both side of TM

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20
Q

What happens if ET is blocked

A

Ossicles won’t vibrate freely to transmit vibrations to inner ear causing partial deafness
Or
Cannot Equalise pressure on either side of TM leading to pain/middle ear infection /burst eardrum /vibrations not being transmitted /partial deafness

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21
Q

Why it’s dangerous for person to skydive with blocked ET

A

When skydiving the Atmospheric pressure changes all the time
The ET equalizes the pressure on both sides of TM
Of tube is blocked the pressure on both sides will not be equal
Causing tymapnaum to rupture

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22
Q

Functions of middle ear

A

TM transmits vibrations to ossicles
Ossicles transmit vibrations from TM to inner ear
ET Maintains equal pressure on either side of TM
OW transmits vibrations of Ossicles to inner ear
Round Window absorbs the pressure set up in inner ear

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23
Q

Inner ear

A

Fluid filled cavity made of bony labyrinth (filled with perilymph) and membranous labyrinth (filled with endolymph (liquid))

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24
Q

Bony labyrinth

A

Filled with perilymph
Has 3 membranous structures for equilibrium :
3 Semicircular canals with ampullae
Vestibule (succulus & ulticulus)
Cochlea

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25
Ampulla
Enlargened area at base of each Semicircular canal containing cristae (which have hair cells embedded in a jelly cone called cupula)
26
Inner ear structures
Oval window 3 semi circular canals (tubes with liquids) with ampullae with cristae necessary for balance Utriculus & sacculus Bottom between semi canals & crochea & contains maculate for balance Cochlea Snail like structure with endolymph
27
Utriculus & sacculus
Bottom between semi canals & crochea & contains maculate for balance
28
Cochlea
Snail like structure with endolymph & receptors named Organ of Corti stimulated by movement of fluid and converts stimuli to impulses
29
Round Window
Releases pressure created by OW in fluid Prevents echos caused by distortion of pressure waves
30
Auditory nerve
Transmit nerve impulses (vestibular & Cochlear) to brain
31
Vestibular nerve
Transports I for regarding equilibrium from maculae & Semicircular canals before joining to form auditory nerve
32
Organ of Corti
OW vibrate Causes Pressure waves in liquid of Cochlea canals Organ of Corti stimulated Stimulus converted into a nerve impulse Nerve impulse carried via auditory nerve to cerebrum RW vibrates to release pressure in fluid
33
Key point of hearing
Sound comes from a source as stimulus Stimulus moves as sound waves from source through auditory canal until it reaches TM Stimulus if sound then moves as vibrations through TM, Ossicles & OW When vibrations pass into endolymph then stimulus is in the form of pressure waves Which stimulus organ of Corti Converting stimulus into an impulse Which can be transmitted to cerebrum where it is interpreted
34
Proprioceptors
Receptors in inner ear involved with balance
35
Macula & crista
Receptors that convert stimulus into an impulse & send it via auditory nerve to Cerebellum which sends an impulse to affected muscles to maintain balance
36
How does sacculus & ulticulus in human ear maintain balance in human body
Maculae found in sacculus & ulticulus are stimulated by change in head position The stimuli are converted to nerve impulses & transmitter via auditory nerve To the Cerebellum which sends impulses to muscles enabling the person to maintain balance & body position
37
Dynamic balance
Sudden changes in speed & direction of head Causes endolymph within Semicircular canals to move Movement of the fluid stimulates cristae in ampullae to move in opposite direction of fluid Cristae converts stimuli to nerve impulse which is sent to Cerebellum via auditory nerve
38
Static balance
When direction of head changes, gravitational pull stimulates the maculae in sacculus and Utriculus of vestibulum Ototliths respond to gravity causing a pull on hair cells Within macaluae stimulus is converted to impulses These impulses are sent to brain by vestibular branch of the auditory nerve to the Cerebellum for interpretation to restore balance
39
Causes of hearing loss
Fluid in middle ear (infection) Injury to parts of middle ear or inner ear Ageing process or nerves and parts of brain Ruptured TM Damaged Ossicles, Cochlea, brain or auditory nerve
40
Treatment of hearing loss
Medication Hearing aids Cochlear implant
41
Diseases of ear
Middle ear infection: Micro organisms cause the production of fluids in middle ear, fluid cannot drain through ET as it is swollen. Accumulation of fluids increase pressure in middle ear causing ear to ache. Antibiotics commonly used but if it's chronic grommets inserted
42
Grommets
Tiny plastic buttons with fine hole down middle may be inserted into TM to allow drainage of middle ear till ET recovers
43
Hearing aids
Help amplify sound for a person affected
44
Cochlear implant
Electrical device implanted into ears for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Work by directly stimulating functioning auditory nerve inside Cochlea with an electric field
45
Hammer adaptations
Maleus transmits vibrations from TM to anvil (Incus) then stirrup (Stapes)
46
Stirrup
Transmits vibrations to OW into inner ear
47
Eustachian Tube
Allows air to move in & out of middle ear thus maintaining equal pressure on either side of ear drum
48
Organ of Corti
Picks up stimuli from pressure waves & converts it to an impulse
49
Auditory nerve
Transmits impulses to cerebrum where sound is interpreted
50
Protection of eye
1.Housed in eye socket 2.Eyelids with conjunctiva that covers ege 3.Eyelashes that keep harmful substances /light out of eye 4. Tears moisten and clean up & protect against infection 5. Blinking spreads a layer of mucous, oil, tears over cornea covering front of eye 6. Lacrimal glands in upper outer corner of eye produce tears which after moistening eye flow into canals in Eyelids and drain into lacriminal sac a pouch in lower inner corner of eye sockets where tears exit through a passage leading to nose
51
Adaptations of eye
Sclera is tough & non elastic to protect inner structure 2. Cornea is transparent allowing light to enter 3. Choroid has brown pigment absorbing light thus preventing reflection of light within eye 4. Iris has circular and radial muscles which alter size of pupil
52
Functions of eye
Binocular vision Formation of image Accommodation Pupillary reflex
53
Photo/retina receptors
Rods and cones cells which are the layers of retina
54
Rod cells
Light sensors that function in less intense light used in peripheral vision
55
Cone cells
Colour detectors (red, green, blue) which function best in bright light
56
Accommodation of eye
Changing of shape of lens to focus on objects closer or further than 6m. Possible due to ability of eye to change shape (convexity) of the lens to ensure a clear image is formed on retina whether image is distant or near
57
Accommodation for near vision
When object is less than 6m away Ciliary muscles contract Sclera is pulled forwards Suspensory ligaments slack Tension on lens decrease Lens become more convex Refractive power of lens increase Clear image is formed on retina Light rays are diverging
58
Distant vision
When object is more than 6m away Ciliary muscles relax Sclera goes back to normal position Suspensory ligaments become taut Tension on lens increase Lens become more vex Refractive power of lens decrease Clear image is formed on retina Light rays are parallel
59
Pupillary mechanism
Bright light= parasympathetic contraction of circular muscles = pupil constriction Dim light= sympathetic contraction of radial muscles of iris= pupil dilates
60
Hyperopia /hypermetropia
Long sightedness condition in which you can see distant objects clearly but nearby objects blur Caused by eyeball being too rounded and inability of lens to become more convex Treated by wearing glasses with convex lens
61
Myopia
Short sightedness caused by eyeball being too long & inability of lens of eye to become less convex. Treated by wearing glasses with concave lens
62
Astigmatism
Front surface of cornea is curved more in one direction than other
63
Cataract
Cloudy part or opacity of lens treated by surgical removal of lens or replacing lens with synthetic lens. Develops as a result of aging, metabolic disorders, trauma or heredity
64
Retina
Contains photoreceptors and part where light arrived at this layer to produce inverted image
65
Fovea
Yellow spot has greatest density of cones & thus offers maximum sharpness but only works in fully efficient bright light
66
Optic nerve
Composed of sensory neurons that carry nervous impulses to visual center at rear of brain
67
Blind spot
Corresponds to exit point for optic nerve. No light sensitive cells (photoreceptors) so that light falling on this region can't be detected
68
Vitreous humour
Jelly like substance that helps keep shape of eyeball & supports lens & keeps retina in place at rear of eye
69
Aqueous humour
Watery fluid that supports cornea and front chamber of eye
70
Iris
Colored part of eye with radial & circular muscles that may expand and contract to control Amt of light as a reflex action
71
Pupil
Circular opening that let's light into eye & appears black because of visible choroid through it

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

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