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Life Science, T2 > Human Nervous System > Flashcards

Human Nervous System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

Communication system needed by all organisms to sense changes in environment and control responses to these changes in order to survive

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2
Q

Nervous system functions

A
  1. Gathers information using senses
  2. Transmits info to brain
  3. Processes info
  4. Formulates responses to stimuli
  5. Sends info back through network of effector organs to execute response
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3
Q

Parts of nervous system

A

Brain
Nerves
Spinal cord

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Made up of brain & spinal cord

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5
Q

Parts of brain we’re exploring

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Medulla oblangata
Spinal cord

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6
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Structure connecting left & right hemisphere of brain allowing communication between them

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7
Q

Medulla oblangata

A

Part of brain merging with spinal cord controlling involuntary reflexes
e.g) regulation of cardiovascular & breathing activity

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8
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that protect brain

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9
Q

Skull

A

Rounded Kaye rof bone meant to protect brain from penetrating injuries

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10
Q

Interior skull surface danger

A

Many protuberances with ridges that can cause injury to temporal lube of brain during rapid acceleration

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11
Q

blood vessels of skull

A

Brain Requires rich blood supply & space between skull & cerebrum contain these.

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12
Q

Whag happens when blood vessels are ruptured in skull

A

Result in bleeding

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13
Q

Stroke

A

Broken blood vessel causing pressure in brain resulting in brain not recieveing oxygen & nutrients
Therefore dies

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14
Q

Pituary gland

A

Part of brain secreting endocrine hormones

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15
Q

Hypothalamus & importance

A

Control center (e.g, hunger, sleep, emotions)
Importance :
Regulates body temp, food intake, osmoregulation
Controls autonomic nervous system, sleep wake cycles, endocrine system

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain controlling:
voluntary actions
recieving & interpreting sensations
Higher mental /emotional activities

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17
Q

Visual cortex

A

sensory impulses travel from eyes via optic nerve into this part of cerebrum.

Damage results to blindness

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18
Q

Auditory areas

A

Side parts of cerebrum that used for hearing

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19
Q

Cognition

A

Front of cerebrum controlling higher mental activities & allowing one to feel emotions.

Damage to this causes mentak/personality changes.

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest part of brain that:
Maintains equilibrium
Coordinates half automatic movement of posture maintainance & walking
Adjusts muscle tone

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21
Q

Brainstem

A

Primitive part of brain controlling basic functions of life.
Divided into 3 parts : midbrain, pons,medulla oblangata

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22
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Neuron carrying impulses to CNS

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23
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Progressive mental deterioration occurring in old age due to generalized degeneration of brain

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary actions

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25
Cerebrospinal fluid
Watery fluid continuously produced & absorbed flowing in ventricles within brain and around surface of brain & spinal cord
26
Dementia
Term used for memory loss & loss of other intellectual abilities
27
Dendrite
Part of neuron that conducts impulses towards cell body
28
Efferent neuron
Neuron carrying impulses to CNS
29
Effectors
Muscles /glands responding to message from nervous system
30
Multiple sclerosis
Disorder of nervous system characterized by breakdown of myelin sheath of neurons
31
Nerve
Bundle of neurons
32
Neuron
One nerve cell
33
Neurotransmitter
Chemical released from a nerve cell which thereby transmits impulse from nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ or tissue
34
Peripheral nervous system
Part of nervous system made of cranial & spinal nerves
35
Receptors
Structures located in sense organs that convert a stimulus to impulse
36
Stimulus
Detectable change recieved by receptor & converted to an impulse
37
Synapse
Junction between 2 nerve cells consisting of minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of neurotransmitter
38
Spinal cord structure
Long Structure made of nervous tissue Cannot repair itself Protected by 33 Vertebrae with discs of cartilage between acting as shock absorbers Three meninges
39
Spinal cord function
Pathway for impulses conducted from receptors to brain and brain to effectors Processes reflex actions
40
Peripheral nervous system
Al nerves that are not part of CNS. Transmits impulses from body to CNS to provide info from external & internal environment for response
41
Cranial vs spinal nerves
Cranial nerves supply nerves to head Spinal nerves supply nerves to rest of body
42
PNS forms
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
43
Somatic nervous system
Recieves info. from sensory organs and brain then stimulates skeletal muscles to contract or relax Voluntary control
44
Autonomic nervous system
Control involuntary rxns to react to internal receptors and stimulates smooth muscles glands to respond.
45
Autonomic nervous system branches
Sympathetic branch that prepares body for energy expending Paraymathetic branch that is active under restful conditions These systems work antagonistically together
46
Double innervation
Two systems that have an opposite effect where one stimulates and the other inhibits e.g) each organ is innervated by sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve
47
Structure & functioning of automatic nervous system
Made of Paraymathetic and sympathetic parts . Every gland/organ is controlled by both parts Controls involuntary events Sympathetic nerves increase response Parasympathetic nerves decrease response
48
Neurons
Specialised cells connecting brain and spinal cord to all other body parts
49
Nerves
Send and carry signals to and from all parts of body made of neurons
50
Parts of neurons
Dentrite .Carry impulses to cell body Axon Carries impulse away from body Cell body Controls metabolism of cell
51
Myelin sheath
Fatty layer wrapped around Axon and dentrite acting as insulin and speeding up transmission of impulses
52
Types of neurons
Motor Sensory Inter/connector
53
Sensory neurons
Unipolar/bipolar afferent neurons carrying impulses to CNS
54
Inter neurons
Multipolar neurons recieving impulse from sense organs and carrying impulse towards motor neurons
55
Motor neurons
Multipolar efferent neurons carrying impulses away from CNS
56
Synapse
Point where impulse passes from terminal branch of Axon of one neuron to dendrite of next neuron
57
Synapse
Point where impulse passes from terminal branch of Axon of one neuron to dendrite of next neuron
58
Synaptic gap
Gap between 2 neurons
59
Chemical neurotransmitters
Transmit impulse from one neuron to next across synaptic gap like dopamine
60
Synapse significance
Ensures impulse travels in one direction Enables unnecessary background stimuli to be filtered out Can speed up, slow down or block nerve impulse Channels impulses so rxns are integrated and become part of learning & remembering
61
Reflex rxn
Automatic response to stimulus
62
Reflex arc
Pathway where impulse is transmitted to bring about automatic response to stimulus during reflex action
63
How nervous impulse travels in reflex arc
Goes to spinal cord then impulse passes from spinal cord directly to an effector to give an immediate response
64
Significance of reflex action
Allows for quick response to prevent damage to body without thinking
65
5 basic elements of reflex arc
Receptor Sensory neuron Intergration center Motor neuron Effector
66
Alzheimers disease
Form of dementia caused by Disorder of nervous system leading to nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout brain causing it to shrink and affect nearly all it's functions
67
Symptoms of alzheimers disease
Slow thinking Behavioral changes Confusion Difficulty speaking, swallowing, walking, recognizing familiar ppl
68
Cure to alzheimers and multiple sclerosis
None But stem cell research and therapeutic cloning hold to great potential for providing cure Multiple sclerosis can be managed by healthy lifestyle Stem cell research & biologically engineered production of interferon slow down progress of disease
69
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive degenerative disorder of CNS resulting in damage if myelin sheath of nerve cells (demyelination) making it impossible for impulses to move across these areas of scattered patches of demyelination
70
Cause of Ms & symptoms
Auto immune disease Affects Movement, feeling, coordination, balance Fatigue Bladder Pain Concentration & memory loss Mood swings Vision, tingling & numbness
71
Receptors
Consist of special sensory cells that respond to specific stimulus
72
Homeostasis
Process to maintain balanced internal environment within body

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

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