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Life Science, T2 > Genetics & Heredity > Flashcards

Genetics & Heredity Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Alleles

A

2 alternative forms of a gene at same locus

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2
Q

Co dominance

A

Type of inheritance where both alleles are equally dominant and express themselves equally in phenotype

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3
Q

Complete dominance

A

Type of inheritance where dominant allele masks expression of recessive allele in heterozygous condition

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4
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Genetic cross involving 2 different characteristics

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5
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele that masks allele partner on chromosome pair and dominant characteristic is seen in homozygous and heterozygous state in phenotype

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6
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA/ a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

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7
Q

Gene mutation

A

Change in N Base/s in nuclear DNA of an organism

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8
Q

Genetic variation

A

Variety of different genes that differ from maternal and paternal genes resulting in new genotypes & phenotypes

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9
Q

Genotype

A

Total genetic composition (makeup) of organism, info present in gene alleles.

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10
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of chromosomes in cell of organism

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Individual having 2 non identical alleles for a characteristic

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles that control a single trait (on same locus)

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13
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Type of inheritance where both alleles express themselves in a way where intermediate phenotype is formed

Red+white flower= pink flower

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14
Q

Locus

A

Exact same position of gene on chromosome

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15
Q

Mendels law of dominance

A

2 individuals with contrasting homozygous alleles are crossed, the individuals of the first generation will all resemble parent with dominant characteristic

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16
Q

Mendels law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles of a gene for 1 characteristic segregate independently of alleles of a gene of another characteristic. Alleles of 2 different genes will therefore come together randomly during gamete formation (random assortment)

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17
Q

Mendels Principle of Segregation

A

During gametogenesis the 2 alleles of a gene separate so each gamete will receive one allele of a gene for a specific trait

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18
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Genetic cross involving 1 characteristic

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19
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden change in sequence of nitrogenous bases of nucleic acid

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20
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Whne there are more than 2 possible alleles for one gene locus

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of an organism determined by genotype

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22
Q

Pedigree diagram

A

Diagram showing inheritance of genetic disorders over many generations

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23
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that is suppressed when allele partner is dominant so is only expressed if both alleles of trait are homozygous recessive

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24
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity & varietion in organisms

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25
Inheritance
Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring
26
Variation
Changes that occur between members of population
27
Trait
Characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring
28
Homozygous genotype
Pure Gene combination involving 2 dominant or 2 recessive genes
29
Heterozygous genotype
Hybrid Gene combination of one dominant & one recessive allele
30
Mutation
Change in amount, arrangement or structure of DNA of organism
31
Where mutation occurs
Somatic cell: not passed to offspring Germinal cell : passed to offspring
32
How mutation affects population
Mutation may result in change in appearance of a characteristic of a population as it brings about variation in genotype =phenotype
33
Spontaneous mutation
Permanent changes in genome occurring without outside influence due to machinery of the cell being imperfect
34
Induced Mutation
Occur when mutagens causes permanent changes in DNA
35
Mutagen & examples
Anything causing a mutation : Asbestos Tar from tobacco Pesticide Caffeine
36
Types of Mutation
Chromosomal mutation Gene /point mutation
37
Gene mutation
Acquired (somatic) or inherited mutation occurring through base substitution and frame shifts
38
Chromosome mutation
Changes in number (by time zygote develops) or structure of chromosome frequently caused by inversion, insertion, duplication, deletion of chromosomal segment.
39
Chromosome mutation causes explained
Inversion : Reversal in chromosomal segment Insertion/translocation : piece of chromosome attaches itself to non homologous chromosome Duplication: when extra chromosome appears Deletion : Deficiency in portion of DNA
40
Example of results of chromosomal mutation
Trisomy 21 Extra copy of of chromosome 21 due to non dysjunction
41
Point mutation
Change in single base or base pair in DNA which can change the protein that has been coded for by DNA
42
Point mutation examples
Inversion : addition of extra nucleotide Deletion : loss of nucleotide Inversion : 2 nucleotides arranged in wrong order Substitution : particular base substituted (replaced) by another.
43
Sickle cell anemia
A base in one of the genes involved in producing hemoglobin is substituted
44
How is oxygen carrying ability affected by sickle cell anemia
Hemoglobin crystallizes Distorting red cells into sickle shape Reducing oxygen carrying ability
45
Types of Mutation resulting from single point mutation
Silent mutation Nonsense mutation : sequence of DNA results in premature codon Missense mutation : results in substitution of one amino acid in protein for another
46
Frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion of a single base
47
Affects of frame mutations on proteins
Adding or deleting one base of DNA molecule will change every amino acid in protein which will cause protein to not function properly
48
How does reading frame affect protein
Changing reading frame in early gene (mRNA transcript as will change) alters majority of protein Incorrect amino acid sequence therefore produces malfunctioning proteins
49
Harmful mutations
Cause change in DNA causing errors in protein sequencing resulting in partially or completing non functioning proteins
50
Examples of harmful mutations
Cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia Dysfunctional proteins Albinism Cancer
51
Beneficial mutations & examples
Advantageous mutations : Bacteria RNA virus Lactose tolerance People with mutations have CCR5 gene making them virtually immune to HIV
52
Harmless mutation
No effect on structure or functioning of organism Chin dimple Freckles Red hair
53
Stem cell
Undifferentiated cell (embryonic /adult) able to divide to produce more stem cells /cells that can differentiate into many kinds of different cells
54
Properties of stem cells
Unspecialized cells Can divide : & renew themselves for long time & become specific specialized cell types of body Stem cells can replace dying, old or damaged cells
55
Stem cells in embryo
Function to generate new organs & tissues
56
Stem cells in adults
Function to replace cells during natural course of cell turnover
57
Kinds of stem cells
Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent
58
Totipotent
Type of stem cell found in 1-4 day old Embryo Can develop into new individual
59
Pluripotent
Found in older embryos 5-14 days old Can differentiate into any type of specialized cell May be used to treat disease by replacing damaged cells, diabetes, repair
60
Multipotent
Found in foetal tissue in children & adults Can divide & produce new cells that are needed by body
61
Use of stem cells
Replace damaged tissue Studying human development Testing new drug Screening toxins Testing gene therapy methods
62
GMO
Genetically modified organism is an organism that has altered genetic material
63
Transgenic organism
A GMO that gains 1/more genes by altrificial means
64
Process
1. DNA carrying gene is taken from a cell 2. The gene is inserted into DNA of another host cell 3. Host cell now contains recombinant DNA 4. Host cell multiplies 5. Desired protein is produced
65
Vector
Plasmid or viruses needed to transfer a gene into a host cell
66
Use of genetic engineering
Make insulin for diabetic persons Make growth hormones to treat dwarfs Prepare vaccines Make plants resistant to disease Higher production of milk by cows Make pigs less fat but have leaner meat Gene therapy Plants resistant to disease Make enhanced food
67
Gene therapy
When gene is inserted in sick person : Bone marrow containing stem cells is removed from hip bone The vector is used to carry gene into stem cell Stem cells with new gene inside are given back to patient 5 days later
68
How does pest resistant cabbage work
Gene that programs poison in scorpion tails combined with cabbage are genetically modified cabbages producing scorpion poison killing caterpillars when they bite leaves.
69
How golden rice works
Variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to produce beta carotene needed to produce vitamin a in rice. Intended to be grown & consumed in areas with shortage of dietary vitamin a. Vitamin a deficiency causes range of eye conditions (night blindness and permanent blindness)
70
Cloning
A clone is an organism genetically exact copy of another organism
71
Types of cloning explained
Reproductive Cloning. In order to produce a genetic copy of an existing organism Therepeutic Cloning in order to produce a blastocyst from which stem cells can be taken & used to develop therapies for injury & disease
72
Steps in cloning
Haploid DNA is removed from egg cell Egg cells DNA is replaced with diploid DNA from a body cell of the organism to be cloned Ovum begins to divide Blastocyst is implanted into a surrogate mother & carried to term
73
How Therepeutic cloning works
Instead of implanting blastocyst into a surrogate mother, stem cells are taken out of blastocyst & used to develop whatever type of cells are needed
74
Why we need to clone
Researchers how techniques can be used in: Treating human diseases Genetically altering animals for production of Han transplant organs
75
Cloning advantages
Produce animals with desirable traits Increase efficiency of livestock production Offset losses of among endangered species populations Enable better research for finding cures to diseases
76
Cloning disadvantages
Decline in genetic diversity Taking nature into our own hands Religious & moral reasons Physical problems (birth defects) Clones may not live as long as other animals.
77
Why genetic engineering is possible
Living things use same bases & genetic code Each codon produces same amino acid in transcription & translation regardless of species Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide remains unchanged Therefore we take genes from one species & insert them into genome of another species
78
Negative opinions on genetic engineering
79
Genome
All the genes that make up an organism

Life Science, T2 (3 decks)

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