Eye exam... all about the retina-^-

Question 1

what is optic atrophy? what are the causes?

Answer 1

-death of nerve fibers and loss of tiny disc vessels
-glaucoma
-brain injury

Question 2

what is papilledema (choked disc)

Answer 2

-bilateral swelling of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure
–> disc elevates + gets red –> cup no longer visible

Question 3

what is glaucomatous cupping?

Answer 3

-increased pressure w/in eye leading to a backward depression
-aka the optic disc gets sucks back towards the brain
–> cup is enlarged so the retinal vessels can sink under it

Question 4

what retina changes would you “see” w/ long-term diabetes mellitus?

Answer 4

-diabetic retinopathy
-microaneurysms
-neovascularization
-soft+hard exudates
-edema

Question 5

what is the hallmark of the beginning of diabetic retinopathy?
TEST Q

Answer 5

microaneurysms
-tiny, round, red spots in and around the macular area

Question 6

what conditions would cause neovascularization (4)

Answer 6

-diabetes
-sickle cell anemia
-sarcoidosis
-vascular occlusions

Question 7

what is proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 7

basically the same as the regular kind but you may see bands of white, fibrous tissue too

Question 8

what are cotton wool patches (soft exudates)

Answer 8

-superfical, white/pale-yellow/grayish lesions with ill-defined edges

Question 9

what are hard exudates

Question 10

what are some causes for cotton wool patches (soft exudates)

Answer 10

-hypertension
-diabetes mellitus
-papilledema
-systemic lupus
-subacute bacterial endocarditis

Question 11

what are some causes for hard exudates?

Answer 11

-vascular leakage from damaged capillaries –> increased permeability allowing fluid + lipoproteins to leak into retina
-hypertension
-diabetes mellitus

Question 12

she’s probably going to have a pic or question about the difference b/w hard and soft exudates

Answer 12

they’re basically the same thing but soft exudates look fuzzier on an image and they are associated with more conditions

Question 13

what are drusens

Answer 13

macula damage –> leads to vision loss
-small, discrete yellow spots around macula

Question 14

what causes drusens

Answer 14

-aging
-sun exposure
-heredity
-malnutrition

Question 15

what is a coloboma?

Answer 15

-developmental abnormality where there is a gap in any structure of the eye –> usually iris
-no vision problems unless it is on the retina

Question 16

name for: inflammation of the retina and choroid layer of the eye

Answer 16

chorioretinitis

Question 17

what causes chorioretinitis?

Answer 17

-toxoplasmosis
-AIDS
-congential/viral/bacterial/protozoan infections
-tumors

Question 18

what type of chorroretinitis is caused by toxoplasmosis

Answer 18

-necrotizing retinochoroiditis
… no clue why the word roots are flipped it’s legit the same thing + necrosis

Question 19

what is cytomegalovirus?

Answer 19

-viral infection of the retina leading to inflammation –> and blindness if untreated
-affects t cell function

Question 20

what are the 3 vein changes seen with hypertension

Answer 20

tapering
a-v nicking
banking