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NSB Anatomy > Eyeball & Visual Pathways > Flashcards

Eyeball & Visual Pathways Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the orbit?

A

Superior = Anterior cranial fossa
Inferior = Maxillary paranasal sinuses

Inferomedially = Nasal cavity

Posteriorly = Middle cranial fossa

Laterally - maxilla (zygomatic process) and zygomatic bone

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3
Q

How many bones comprise the bony orbit?

A

7

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4
Q

Which bones comprise the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal bone (orbital part)

Sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

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5
Q

Which bones comprise the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Maxilla bone (frontal process)

Lacrimal bone

Ethmoid bone

Sphenoid bone

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6
Q

Which foramina are found in the roof of the orbit?

A

Trochlear fovea

Lacrimal fossa (for lacrimal duct)

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7
Q

Which foramina are found in the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina (ethmoidal vessels & nerves)

Optic canal (optic nerve & ophthalmic artery)

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8
Q

What runs through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve & ophthalmic artery

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9
Q

Where does the opthalmic artery arise from?

A

The internal carotid

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10
Q

Which bones make up the floor of the orbit?

A

Maxilla (orbital surface)
Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone

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11
Q

Which bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

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12
Q

Which foramina are found in the floor of the orbit?

A

Inferior orbital fissure

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13
Q

What runs through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

V2 (maxillary division)
Infra-orbital vessels
Inferior ophthalmic vein

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14
Q

Which foramina are found in the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fisure

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15
Q

What runs through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV, V (1), VI

V(1) = lacrimal, frontal & nasociliary branches

Also - superior ophthalmic vein

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16
Q

What is the difference between a fissure and a foramen?

A

Fissures are longer

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17
Q

Which are the main vessels of the orbit?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein

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18
Q

What is an important risk factor about the ophthalmic veins?

A

Ophthalmic veins communicate with the venous drainage of the face, the pterygoid plexus and pass posteriorly draining into the cavernous sinus.

This is an infection transmission risk!

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Which nerves innervate the orbit?

A

CN II (Optic)
III (Occulomotor) - divides into superior and inferior
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)

V1 - Ophthalmic division -> nasociliary nerve, lacrimal nerve & frontal nerve

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21
Q

Is the optic nerve afferent or efferent? Where does it arise from?

A

Arises from the retina - carries afferent information

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Carries motor efferent signals to the extrinsic orbital muscles &
PSS innervation to intrinsic muscles of the eye (via ciliary ganglion)

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24
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do in the orbit?

A

Carries motor efferent signals to the superior oblique muscle.

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25
Q

What does the abducens nerve do in the orbit?

A

Carries motor efferent signals to the lateral rectus muscle.

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26
Q

What are the four PSS ganglia in the head and neck associated with cranial nerves?

A

Ciliary
Otic
Submandibular
Pterygopalatine

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27
Q

Which ganglion is involved with the parasympathetic innervation of the eye?

A

Ciliary ganglion

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28
Q

What is the pathway for the autonomic innervation of the orbit?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus in midbrain -> Occulomotor nerve (III) -> Ciliary ganglion -> Short ciliary nerves

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29
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control in the eye?

A

SS = dilation of pupil
PSS = constriction of pupil

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30
Q

What surrounds the outside of the eyeball (but does not extend over the cornea)?

A

Fascial sheath

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31
Q

What passes through the fascial sheath to enter the sclera?

A

Extra-ocular muscles

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32
Q

What dos the inferior thickening of the fascial sheath become?

A

The suspensory ligament

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33
Q

What fixes the eyeball in orbit and limits movement from the medial and lateral rectify muscles?

A

Check ligaments (medial and lateral)

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34
Q

What are the check ligaments formed from?

A

Continuation of fascia from the lateral and medial recti muscles

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35
Q

What are the layers of the eye?

A

External fibrous layer
Middle vascular layer
Inner neural layer

36
Q

What does the external fibrous layer of the eye comprise of?

A

Sclera and cornea

37
Q

What is the sclera made of? What does it do?

A

Made of dense connective tissue (white).

Is attachment for the external orbital muscles.

38
Q

What does the middle vascular layer of the eye comprise of?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

39
Q

What is the ciliary body made up of?

A

Ciliary muscle
Ciliary processes
Zonular fibres

40
Q

What is the retinal divided into?

A

Pigmented layer (external)
Neural layer (internal)

41
Q

What does the pigmented layer of the retina do?

A

Absorbs excess light and prevents reflections of light

42
Q

What does the neural layer of the retina do?

A

Is the neurologically functional layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors which generate an image

43
Q

What is the name of the place on the retina where the axons come together to form the optic disc?

A

Blind spot

44
Q

Where is the fovea centralis found?

A

Middle of the macula lutea

45
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

A yellow spot on the retina that allows light to focus when looking at an object

46
Q

What does the fovea centralis do?

A

It is a structure in the centre of the macula lutea that contains a high density of cone photoreceptors & allows the light to focus within the eye.

47
Q

The front part of the eye is divided into what?

A

Anterior segment
Lens
Posterior segment

48
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye formed of?

A

Anterior chamber
Iris & pupil
Posterior chamber §

49
Q
A
50
Q

Which part of the eye contains the aqueous humour?

A

The anterior segment

51
Q

What are the two axes of the eye?

A

Axis of orbit
Axis of eyeball

52
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Move the eyeball
Move the eyelid

53
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Levator palpeerde superioris

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q

Which muscle passes through the trochlear nerve?

A

Superior oblique

57
Q

Which extrinsic muscles insert more anteriorly and which extrinsic muscles insert more posteriorly on the eye?

A

Rectus muscles = more anteriorly

Obliques = more posteriorly

58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q

Which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

A

SO4 = Trochlear nerve

61
Q

Which nerve innervates the lacteral rectus muscle?

A

LR6 = Abducens nerve

62
Q

Which nerve innervates the inferior oblique and medial, superior and inferior rectus muscles?

A

CN III (Oculomotor)

63
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Control
- Size of pupil
- Shape of the lens

64
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye? Which part of the autonomic system do they carry information from?

A

Ciliary muscles - from PSS
Sphincter pupillae - from PSS
Dilater pupillae - from SS

65
Q
A
66
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus comprise of?

A

Lacrimal
- gland
- canaliculi
- sac
& Nasolacrimal duct

67
Q
A
68
Q

What opens into the lacrimal canaliculi?

A

Lacrimal puncta

69
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Production, maintenance and drainage of the lacrimal fluid from the external surface of the eyeball.

70
Q

What type of gland is the lacrimal gland?

A

Exocrine

71
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland found?

A

In the lacrimal fossa in the four of the orbit

72
Q

What is the lacrimal gland divided into and by what?

A

Orbital and palpebral parts

Divided by the elevator palpebrae superioris

73
Q

Which vessels supplies the lacrimal gland?

A

Ophthalmic artery (via ICA)

74
Q

Which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?

A

The Ophthalmic division of the Trigeminal V (1)

75
Q

What are the three neural cell types in the neural layer?

A

Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

76
Q

What are rods and cones sensitive to?

A

Rods - dim light sensitive
Cones - bright light and colour sensitive

77
Q

What do the myelinated axons of the ganglion cells form? Where do they exit the eyeball?

A

Optic nerve - exit at the optic disc.

78
Q

Where does the optic nerve exit the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

79
Q
A
80
Q

What is the order of the visual pathway

A

Light enters the eye - stimulates
- Photoreceptors –> Bipolar cells –> Ganglionic cells —> Optic nerve

Optic nerve –> Optic chasm –> Optic tracts –> Lateral geniculate nucleus –> Optic radiations –> Primary visual cortex (17)

81
Q

Which brodmann area is the primary visual cortex?

A

17

82
Q
A
83
Q
A

A - right frontal lobe
B - left globe / eyeball
C - optic nerve
D - right medial rectus muscle (superior oblique directly above)
E - tongue

Bright signal = fat - therefore T1 (fluid dark)

84
Q

What does thyroid disease do to the eye?

A

Enlarges the interocular muscles bilaterally (esp medial, inferior and superior rectus) - causes bulging eyes - most common in Graves disease

85
Q
A
86
Q
A

NSB Anatomy (6 decks)

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