EYES Flashcards by MARK JENDRIX BERSALONA

What are the 5 specialized senses and their corresponding sensory organs?

Vision - Eyes
Hearing - Ears
Balance
Taste - Tongue
Olfaction - Nose

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What do you call the outer layer of the eyes?

Tunica Fibrosa

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Opaque posterior 5/6 of the eye, dense fibrous CT

.3mm to 1mm at the insertion of recti muscles

Sclera

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It is a fibro elastic tissue that has a large number of blood vessels and attaches the conjunctiva to the sclera.

Episcleral tissue

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“middle layer” of sclera, collagenous fibers oriented parallel.

Scleral Proper

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What cell produces collagen and are found between the fiber bundles which constitute the cellular component?

Fibroblast

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It is the transition between the sclera and the choroid. It is collagenous and more elastic than sclera and propria.

Lamina Fusca

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Lamina fusca contains?

Melanin

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Part of the eye that is avascular and can be transplanted.

Cornea

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The normal hydration of cornea comes from the ___________ that fills the anterior chamber.

Aqueous humor

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Part of the cornea described as squamous non-keratinized epithelium of 5-6 layers.

Anterior epithelium

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What is the deepest cell of the anterior epithelium in the cornea?

Columnar Cells

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Corneal cells are attached to each other by ___________ and losses their nuclei upon _____________.

Desmosomes
Keratinization

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“anterior homologous membrane” modified layer of substancia propria in the cornea.

Bowman’s membrane

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The bowman’s membrane in the cornea contains irregular network of fine __________________.

Collagenous fiber

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What is similar with bowman’s only a little thicker, lies internal to substancia propria?

Desmets’s membrane

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Desmets’s membrane is 5-7 mm thick centrally gradually increases to _________ in the periphery.

8-10mm

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90% of the thickness of the cornea forming the main portion of the cornea.

Substancia propria (Corneal Stroma)

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What is the single layer of Low cuboidal or squamous cells lining the inner surface of the cornea.

Corneal endothelium (Posterior endothelium)

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What is the narrow circular zone at the palace of union of the cornea
and sclera?

Scelocorneal Junction (Limbus)

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Part of the limbus that is filled with aqueous humor and communicates externally with the venous system.

Canal of Schlemm

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What is the fiber bundles of the trabecular meshwork in the limbus?

Ligamentum Pectinatum

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Located in between the ligamentum pectinatum, this drains in the canal layer of the endothelium. It has afferent connections through the trabecular spaces for the drainage of the aqueous from the anterior chamber.

Lymphatic spaces of Fontana

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Part of the limbus described as an only blood vessel that nourish the cornea.

Marginal plexus

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What do you call the obstruction of the filtration process from C of Schlemm and Space of Fontana?

Glaucoma

What is a brown, spongy, pigmented and vascular?

Choroid

Choroid is ___________ thick in diameter with potential perichroidal space separating it from the sclera.

0.1 to 0.3mm

What are the 4 sublayers of choroid?

Scleral proper Lamina fusca Transparent Limiting Membrane Bruch’s membrane (Glassy membrane)

What (lamina elastic or lamina vitrae) has been considered as the inner most layer of the choroid?

Bruch's membrane

It is a ring in which the suspensory ligaments are attached.

Ciliary body

What are the 3 layers of ciliary body?

Ciliary muscle Vascular layer Ciliary Epithelium

What is the bulk of the ciliary body?

Ciliary muscle

layer of the ciliary body that consists mainly of capillaries and veins, constituting the bulk of the ciliary process.

Vascular layer

Layer of the ciliary body that represents the continuation of neural retina, it faces the vitreous body and posterior chamber and covered with a double layer of cuboidal cells.

Ciliary Epithelium

What extends externally from the anterior portion of the ciliary body, probably the site of aqueous humor formation?

Ciliary process

What is a a fluid refractive medium in the eye and essential for nutritive support of the retina and other retractile elements? It ensures the physical stability of the eye. Secreted in interstices of vitreous body and iridial stroma and is drained at the angle of the anterior chamber.

Aqueous Humor

What is a biconvex flexible, transparent disk that focuses incident rays of light in the retina?

The Lens

What are the 3 layers of the lens?

Capsule Simple cuboidal epithelium Lens fiber

Modified EC are derived from the ________ of the lens

Equator

What divides the space bet cornea and the lens dividing it into an anterior and posterior chamber communicating thru the pupil?

Iris

Iris is a membranous extension of the choroid which partially covers the lens leaving around the center and opening called ______.

Pupil

Iris varies in color, which is largely determined by the _____________.

Melanocytes

Iris is attached to the anterior portion of the ciliary body by its thinnest portion called the ____.

Root

What is the innermost layer of the eye? It is the inter coat of the eye ball contains the receptor for light.

Retina

What are the 3 parts of the retina?

Pars Iridica retinae Pars Ciliaris retinae Pars Optica Retinae

What part of the retina is insensitive to the light?

Pars Iridica retinae Pars Ciliaris retinae

What part of the retina is sensitive to the light?

Pars Optica Retinae

Innermost coat attached to the choroid and the widest portion used for vision.

Pars Optica Retinae

Pars Optica Retinae is the portion of the eye that transduces light stimulus to ____________.

Nerve impulses

Pars Optica Retinae arises from the ____________ in embryonic development. The retina consists of an outer layer _________________ and an inner layer _____________.

Optic cup Pigmented epithelium Neural Retina

Pars Optica Retinae is attached into two regions in the underlying structure, these regions are?

Ora Serrata Optic Disk

Firmly adhere to Bruch’s membrane; has numerous invaginations. Mitochondria are abundant in the region near the cytoplasm near the invagination.

Pigmented Epithelium

__________ of the pigmented epithelium has abundant microvilli and cylindrical sheaths that invest the lips of the photoreceptors.

Cell Apex

__________ of the pigmented epithelium has abundant Golgi apparatus, believed to be Vitamin A esterification and transport.

Cytoplasm

Melanin of the pigmented epithelium is rich in the __________ and ________________.

Apical portion Microvillus extension

What portion of the pigmented epithelium functions to absorb light after the stimulation.

Dark pigment

The Retina Propia has 6 types of cells. What are those cells?

Rods Cones Horizontal cells Bipolar cells Amacrine cells Ganglion cells

There are 3 main types of retinal cells. What are those cells?

Photoreceptors (rods and cones) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells

What are the 2 kinds of visual cells?

Rod and Cone cells

Enumerate the 10 LAYERS OF RETINA/ PARS OPTICA.

Pigmented Epithelium Rods and Cones External Limiting Membrane Outer Nuclear Layer Outer Plexiform Layer Inner nuclear Layer Inner Plexiform Layer Ganglion Cell Layer Optic Nerve Fiber Layer Inner Limiting Membrane

Cone cells contains visual pigment called _____________ which is sensitive to red light.

Iodopsin

Not a true membrane, only a junction specialization between the photoreceptors and processes of Muller’s cells

EXTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE

Houses the cell bodies of the photoreceptor cells. At the fovea centralis only cones are present

OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER

The region of synapse between axon of the receptor cells and the processes of bipolar and horizontal cells

OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER

Houses the cell bodies of Muller’s, Amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells

INNER NUCLEAR LAYER

Region of synapse between dendrites of ganglia cells and axon of bipolar cells. Moreover, processes of Muller and Amacrine cells are also present.

INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER

Houses the bodies of multipolar neurons, which are the final link in neuronal chain of the retina, and their axons form the optic nerve. Additionally, neuroglia are also located in this layer

GANGLION CELL LAYER

Composed of unmyelinated axons of ganglion cells which forms the optic nerve

OPTIC NERVE FIBER LAYER

Basal lamina separating Muller’s cells expansion from the vitreous body

INNER LIMITING MEMBRANE

What are the 2 accessory organs of the eye?

Eyelid and Lacrimal gland