Eyes/skin Flashcards
(29 cards)
What type of animals tend to be prone to epiphora?
Brachycephalic animals due to large globes in shallow orbit and little room for tear production
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Rarely a primary disease process; often has an underlying cause such as immune-mediated, allergic, anatomic, or bacterial factors.
What are the clinical signs of conjunctivitis?
- Chemosis (conjunctival swelling)
- Hyperemia (redness)
- Ocular discharge (serous or purulent)
These signs indicate inflammation and irritation in the eye.
What diagnostic tests are used for conjunctivitis?
- Physical examination to diagnose primary disease
- Rule out foreign bodies or follicles
- Schirmer tear test
- Conjunctival scraping for cytology and culture
These tests help identify the underlying issues causing conjunctivitis.
What is epiphora?
An overflow of tears due to overproduction or faulty drainage by the lacrimal system
Can be caused by blockage, trauma, or anatomical issues.
What are the clinical signs of epiphora?
- “Watering” eyes (acute or chronic)
- Wet facial hair in the medial canthus
- Secondary bacterial infection of the skin at the medial canthus
- “Tear staining”
These signs result from excessive tearing and its effects on surrounding areas.
What is entropion?
Eyelid rolls in against the cornea
This condition can cause various ocular issues including pain and epiphora.
What are the clinical signs of entropion?
- Rolling in of the lid margin(s)
- Epiphora
- Chemosis
- Conjunctival erythema
- Conjunctivitis
- Blepharospasm
- Pain
- +/- corneal ulcer
- Photophobia
These signs indicate irritation and potential injury to the cornea.
What is ectropion?
Eyelid rolls outward, exposing the cornea
This condition can lead to conjunctivitis and keratitis.
What are the clinical signs of ectropion?
- Lid eversion
- Conjunctivitis
- Epiphora
- Keratitis
- Purulent exudate
The exposure of the cornea can lead to further complications.
What is glaucoma?
Severely elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)
IOP greater than 30 mm Hg can lead to serious eye damage.
What are the classifications of glaucoma?
- Primary glaucoma – inherited, affects both eyes
- Secondary glaucoma – obstruction of drainage angles due to another disease process
Understanding the type of glaucoma is crucial for treatment.
What are the clinical signs of acute glaucoma?
- Ocular pain
- Conjunctival and episcleral injection
- Diffuse corneal edema
- Dilated pupil
- Decreased or absent PLR
- +/- blindness
These signs indicate a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
What is a corneal ulcer?
A full-thickness loss of corneal epithelium exposing the stroma
This condition can lead to severe complications if not treated promptly.
What are the clinical signs of ulcerative keratitis?
- Epiphora
- Blepharospasm
- Conjunctival hyperemia
These signs suggest pain and irritation in the eye.
What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?
Chronic dry eye due to loss of function of lacrimal glands
This condition leads to inadequate tear production, causing ocular surface damage.
What are the clinical signs of KCS?
- Recurrent conjunctivitis
- Corneal ulcers
- Dull, dry, and irregular cornea and conjunctiva
- Severe mucoid ocular discharge
- Blepharospasm
These signs indicate chronic irritation and potential damage to the eye.
What are the three most common fungal species that infect dogs and cats?
- Microsporum gypseum
- Trichophyton mentagraphytes
- Microsporum canis
These fungi cause superficial dermatomycoses in pets.
What are the clinical signs of acute moist dermatitis (hot spots)?
- Red, moist, hot, and painful skin lesions
- Rapid appearance of patches
- Hair loss over the area
- Pruritis
These lesions are often secondary to self-trauma.
What are benign skin tumors?
- Histiocytomas
- Lipoma
- Papillomas (warts)
- Sebaceous cysts
These tumors are generally non-cancerous and often require monitoring.
What are malignant skin tumors?
- Basal cell carcinomas
- Fibrosarcomas (not vaccine-induced)
- Vaccine-induced fibrosarcoma (feline)
- Mast cell tumors
- Melanoma (benign or malignant)
- Perianal adenoma or adenocarcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
These tumors may require aggressive treatment, including surgery.
What is an ectoparasite?
External parasite ON the body
Types of ectoparasites
Ear mites
Fleas
Ticks
Mange
Cuterebra
Myiasis
Lice
Clinical signs of ectoparasites
Visualization of parasite
Puritis
Pyoderma
Debris in ears/on skin
