MicroBiology Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What is microbiology?
A
The study of small microorganisms which cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
2
Q
What types of microorganisms are included in microbiology?
A
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Molds
- Yeast
- Viruses
- Parasites
3
Q
True or False: Most microbes are harmful to humans.
A
False
4
Q
What are pathogens?
A
Microbes that make us sick.
5
Q
What are non-pathogenic microbes?
A
Microbes that are harmless to humans.
6
Q
List the roles of microbes in our lives.
A
- Marine and freshwater microbes are the bottom of the food chain
- Soil microbes break down waste and provide nitrogen
- Some microbes help manufacture vitamins we which we need, but cannot make ourselves
7
Q
What types of compounds do industrial microbes produce?
A
- Acids
- Alcohols
- Vitamins
- Drugs
8
Q
What are the two names assigned to all microorganisms?
A
Genus and species.
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The genus name is always _______.
A
capitalized
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The species name is always _______.
A
lowercase
11
Q
What is the correct way to reference a microbe?
A
Use both the genus and species name.
12
Q
What is an acceptable abbreviation for a genus name?
A
The first letter of the genus followed by the entire species name.
13
Q
What is a common naming convention for scientific names?
A
They often refer to the shape or living environment of a microbe.
14
Q
List the main types of microbes.
A
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Multicellular Animal Parasites
- Viruses
15
Q
What are prokaryotes?
A
Organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
16
Q
What are eukaryotes?
A
Organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material and organelles.
17
Q
What are the three common shapes of bacteria?
A
- Bacillus (rod)
- Coccus (sphere)
- Spirillum (spiral)
18
Q
What is peptidoglycan?
A
A protein complex that makes up the cell wall of bacteria.
The amt in a bacterial cell wall determines if either gram + or gram -
19
Q
How do bacteria reproduce?
A
By binary fission, a form of asexual replication.
20
Q
What are extremophiles?
A
Organisms classified under Archaea that thrive in extreme environments.
21
Q
List the categories of extremophiles.
A
- Methanogens
- Halophiles
- Thermophiles
22
Q
What are fungi?
A
Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
Small unicellular- usually yeast
Large multicellular- includes molds and mushrooms
23
Q
How do fungi obtain nourishment?
A
By absorbing it from their surroundings.
24
Q
What are fungal spores?
A
Major means by which fungi move to new places to grow.
25
What are protozoa?
Eukaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that are motile.
26
What is the role of algae in the environment?
Produce oxygen and essential carbohydrates used by other organisms.
27
What are multicellular animal parasites?
Organisms like helminths that are included in microbiology due to their medical importance.
28
What are viruses?
Incredibly tiny microbes that can only be viewed with an electron microscope.
29
What classifications do viruses fall under?
* Capsid
* Enveloped
30
True or False: Viruses are considered living organisms.
False
31
What system of classification was devised by Carl Woese?
Classification based on cell structure including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
32
What is bacteriology?
The study of bacteria.
33
What is mycology?
The study of fungi.
34
What is parasitology?
The study of parasites and protozoa.
35
What is immunology?
The study of immunity.
36
What is virology?
The study of viruses.
37
What is recombinant DNA technology?
The field of genetic engineering.
38
What is epidemiology?
The study of disease spread.
39
How are bacteria motile?
Some have flagella
Others use pili or fimbriae
40
Define Archaea
A classification of prokaryotic organisms that have cell walls containing no peptidoglycan.
41
How do Protozoa move?
Using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
42
How do Protozoa reproduce?
Either sexual or asexual
43
What is Algae?
Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
44
Capsid viruses have_______?
DNA or RNA core surrounded by a highly structured protein coat
45
Are viruses living?
Technically, NO.
-Do not carry out metabolic reactions
-Completely reliant on a host cell’s machinery to reproduce
46
What are algae primarily classified as?
Photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
47
True or False: Algae are considered plants.
False, algae are not classified as plants but are often grouped with them in terms of photosynthesis.
48
Fill in the blank: Algae can be found in _____ environments.
aquatic
49
What role do algae play in aquatic ecosystems?
Algae serve as the primary producers, forming the base of the food web.
50
how does algae metabolize?
dependent on photosynthesis which yields oxygen and complex carbohydrates
51
what is a capsid virus?
have DNA and RNA core surrounded by highly structured protein coat
52
what in an enveloped virus?
also hace a capsid but are encased in a lipid membrane usually taken from a host cell.
53
What is the primary role of a technician in clinical microbiology?
Rapidly and accurately provide DVM with information
54
What are the key steps in specimen collection?
Collection of representative samples, minimum contamination, and using appropriate collection devices
55
What is the importance of specimen collection timing?
Some viruses are acute processes that are followed by secondary infections; collection should be ASAP and before antimicrobials
56
What are optimal specimen collection sites?
Localized bacteria/viruses, necropsy, and body fluids > 1ml
57
What labeling information is required for specimen shipment?
Name, date, species, source of specimen, and proper history
58
What is the most important lab procedure for microbiologic diagnosis?
Direct Microscopic examination
59
What does Gram Stain help determine?
Type and numbers of organisms present, but bacteria don’t always take up the stain well
60
What is the role of culture media in microbiology?
Bacterial isolation and identification procedures
61
What is the purpose of inoculation of media?
To culture and grow bacteria from specimens
62
What is the ideal incubation condition for plates?
Inverted to prevent condensation on the lid, loosened tube lids, and proper temperature
63
What does colonial morphology refer to?
Characteristics like smooth vs rough, granular, convex, etc.
64
What is the purpose of blood cultures?
To diagnose idiopathic fever, bacteremia associated with conditions like endocarditis, arthritis, and neonatal septicemias
65
What are common Gram Positive Cocci associated with infections?
* Staphylococcus Species * Streptococcus Species * Enterococcus spp.
66
What are common Gram Positive Rods that are spore formers?
* Bacillus spp. * Clostridium spp.
67
What are common Gram Negative Bacteria?
* E. Coli * Salmonella spp. * Proteus spp. * Aeromonas spp. * Actinobacillus spp. * Pasteurella spp. * Haemophilus spp. * Pseudomonas spp.
68
What is the significance of Mycoplasma species?
Small bacteria that lack cell walls and are not easily stained
69
What is the goal of antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
Selection of appropriate therapy for infectious diseases
70
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial for inhibition of growth
71
What are the techniques used for virus isolation?
Monolayer cell cultures, embryonated hen eggs, and lab animal inoculation
72
What is the role of serology in diagnosing infections?
Detection of specific antibodies and antibody response to infection
73
What are the four types of immunological disorders?
* Allergies * Autoimmune diseases * Immunodeficiencies * Immunoproliferative diseases
74
What are nosocomial infections?
Infections resulting from exposure to an infectious agent while hospitalized
75
What factors can increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
* Stress * Age * Debilitating disease * Medical procedures * Long periods of hospitalization
76
What is essential for the recognition and control of nosocomial infections?
* Sterilization of equipment * Aseptic treatment techniques * Isolation practices * Hand washing between patients
77
Fill in the blank: The collection of specimens must aim for _______.
[minimum contamination]
78
True or False: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is only indicated for anaerobic bacteria.
False
79
What is the primary purpose of virus isolation?
To obtain a pure culture of the virus for study and characterization.
80
True or False: Virus isolation can only be performed using live host cells.
True
81
Fill in the blank: The _____ method is commonly used for isolating viruses from clinical samples.
cell culture
82
Which type of sample is often used for virus isolation?
Clinical specimens such as blood, saliva, or tissue.
83
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common technique for virus isolation? A) Cell culture B) PCR C) Animal inoculation D) Filtration
D) Filtration
84
What is the role of cytopathic effect (CPE) in virus isolation?
CPE is an indication of viral replication and helps identify the presence of a virus in cell culture.
85
True or False: All viruses can be isolated using the same cell lines.
False
86
What is the significance of using specific cell lines for virus isolation?
Different viruses have specific host cell requirements for growth and replication.
87
Fill in the blank: Virus isolation is often followed by _____ to characterize the virus.
viral identification methods
88
Short Answer: Name one advantage of using molecular methods over traditional culture methods for virus isolation.
Molecular methods can detect viruses that are difficult to culture or grow.
