F/E

Question 1

A low arterial pH due to reduces bicarbonate concentration is called

Answer 1

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 2

A low arterial pH due to increased PCO2 is called

Answer 2

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 3

This refers to an acid-base imbalance characterized by an increased in H+ concentration which in return has decrease blood pH

Answer 3

Acidosis

Question 4

Makes up 60% of our body weight and is classified to be a weak electrolyte in addition to acetic acid

Answer 4

water

Question 5

most abundant anion in the ECF

Answer 5

chloride (Cl-)

Question 6

most abundant cation in the ECF

Answer 6

Sodium (Na+)

Question 7

anion electrolytes found in the ECF

Answer 7

Chloride and Bicarbonate

Question 8

cation electrolytes found in the ECF

Answer 8

Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium

Question 9

cation electrolytes found in the ICF

Answer 9

Potassium and Magnesium

Question 10

anion electrolytes found in the ICF

Answer 10

Phosphates, Sulfates and Proteins

Question 11

Most abundant anion electrolyte in the ICF

Answer 11

Phosphates

Question 12

Most abundant cation electrolyte found in the ICF

Answer 12

Potassium

Question 13

The ECF is subdivided into what following fluid space

Answer 13

Intravascular, interstitial and transcellular

Question 14

a shift of fluid from the vascular space (ECF) into an area where it is not available to support normal physiologic processes

Answer 14

Third space fluid shift/third spacing

Question 15

Major cations in the body fluid are:

Answer 15

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions

Question 16

Major anions in the body fluid are:

Answer 16

chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate and proteinate ions

Question 17

Refers to the pressure exerted by the fluid in the walls of the blood vessels.

Answer 17

hydrostatic pressure

Question 18

True of False: Obese clients has more fluid volume because fat contains more water

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

What is the average fluid input and output in a 24 hour period?

Answer 19

2500 ml

Question 20

True or False: To maintain normal balance input and output should approximately be equal thus an intake of 2500 ml should have an output of 2600 ml

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Answer 21

Osmosis

Question 22

True or False: Osmosis continues until the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.

Answer 22

TRUE - osmosis is into equilibrium of concentration

Question 23

ability of all solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another

Answer 23

Tonicity - also determines the normal state of cellular hydration and cell size

Question 24

the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. It is primarily determined by the concentration of solutes

Answer 24

Osmotic pressure

Question 25

the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins e.g. albumin

Answer 25

Oncotic pressure

Question 26

The increase in urine output caused by the excretion of substances, such as glucose, mannitol or contrast agents in the urine

Answer 26

Osmotic diuresis

Question 27

why does proteins in the bloodstream exert oncotic pressure

Answer 27

to pull fluid out of the interstitial space into the intravascular space to maintain fluid balance and osmolality. average COP is 28 mmHg, a pressure that remains constant across the capillary

Question 28

the process by which solute molecules move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration to become evenly distributed.

Answer 28

Diffusion

Question 29

Two types of diffusion

Answer 29

Simple and Facilitated

Question 30

occurs by the random movement of particles through a solution. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and solutes move between plasma and the interstitial space

Answer 30

Simple Diffusion

Question 31

also called carrier-mediated diffusion allows large water-soluble molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, to diffuse across cell membranes. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane function as carriers, helping large molecules cross the membrane.

Answer 31

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 32

What type of energy transport does the glucose use

Answer 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 33

is the process by which water and dissolved substances (solutes) move from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure. This usually occurs across capillary membranes. and is influenced by hydrostatic pressure

Answer 33

Filtration

Question 34

osmolality is measured in

Answer 34

mOsm/kg

Question 35

osmolarity is measured in

Answer 35

mOsm/L

Question 36

normal range of urine specific gravity - done by sending a 20 ml urine sample to the lab and test through a dip stick. The larger the urine volume the lower the specific gravity.

Answer 36

1.010 - 1.025

Question 37

What will the lungs do if there is increased carbon dioxide in order to reduce the acid low

Answer 37

The lungs will increase rate and depth of respiration - Hyperventilation

Question 38

Causes of Third Spacing

Answer 38

■ intestinal obstruction ■ pancreatitis ■ crushing traumatic injuries ■ bleeding (trauma or dissected aortic aneurysm) ■ peritonitis ■ major venous obstruction

Question 39

FVD/Intravascular fluid volume Deficit s/sx:

Answer 39

■ Increase HR ■ decreased BP ■ decreased CVP ■ edema ■ increased Body weight ■ imbalances in the input and output of the patient.

Question 40

Four Major Causes of edematous state

Answer 40

1. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (e.g., Burns, Liver Failure) 2. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (e.g., Congestive Heart Failure) 3. Increased capillary permeability (e.g., Burns, Allergic Reactions) 4. Lymphatic obstruction or increased interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (e.g., Surgical removal of lymph structures)

Question 41

Management of Edema

Answer 41

● Diuretic Therapy ● Elevating the affected extremity ● Elevating Support stockings in the morning ● Albumin IV

Question 42

Manifestations of sever FVD

Answer 42

oliguria Possible coma Falling systolic/diastolic pressure

Question 43

Indication for what fluid condition if patient experience decrease body temperature

Answer 43

Isotonic FVD

Question 44

Indication for what fluid condition if patient experience increase body temperature

Answer 44

dehydration

Question 45

Weight loss for Mild dehydration

Answer 45

2% (2-5%)

Question 46

Weight loss for Moderate dehydration

Answer 46

5% (6-9%)

Question 47

Weight loss for Severe Dehydration

Answer 47

8% (>10%)

Question 48

Normal CVP

Answer 48

2-6mm Hg

Question 49

Weight loss for Mild dehydration

Answer 49

Hypovolemic shock from hemorrhage, fluid shift, dehydration

Question 50

Manifestations of extracellular fluid overload

Answer 50

edema, bounding pulse, jugular vein distention, moist crackles - pulmonary edema, tachycardia, hypertension

Question 51

also known as water intoxication – sobrang pag inom ng water

Answer 51

Intracellular overload

Question 52

Diuretic drug used to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of henle

Answer 52

Loop Diuretics: furosemide, ethacrynic acid, Bumetanide, torsemide

Question 53

Type of diuretics that promote the excretion of sodium chloride, potassium and water by decreasing absorption in the distal tubule

Answer 53

Thiazide ○ Bendroflumethiazide ○ Chlorothiazide ○ Hydrochlorothiazide ○ Metolazone ○ Polythiazide ○ Chlorthalidone ○ Trichlormethiazide ○ Indamide ○ Xipamide

Question 54

Promote excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium-potassium exchange in the distal tubule.

Answer 54

POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS ○ Spironolactone–famous ○ Amioride ○ Triamterene

Question 55

Both sodium and water levels decrease in the extracellular area, but sodium loss is greater than water loss

Answer 55

Hypovolemic

Question 56

Both water and sodium levels increase in the extracellular area, but the water gain is more impressive. Serum sodium levels are diluted and edema also occurs.

Answer 56

Hypervolemic

Question 56

Both water and sodium levels increase in the extracellular area, but the water gain is more impressive. Serum sodium levels are diluted and edema also occurs.

Answer 56

Hypervolemic

Question 57

surgical procedure wherein they are going to remove the eschar or the dead cells/tissue in order facilitate blood flow and to promote wound healing

Answer 57

Debridement

Question 58

Surgical incision through the eschar into the subcutaneous tissues to allow the extremity to continue to swell without compressing the underlying blood vessels

Answer 58

Escharotomy

Question 59

Surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure commonly to treat the resulting loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle.

Answer 59

Fasciotomy

Question 60

Is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat acute compartment syndrome

Answer 60

Fasciotomy

Question 61

○ Soften the scar and increases joint mobility ○ Side effects: associated with hypersensitivity reaction, decrease in the WBC

Answer 61

● Silver Sulfadiazine cream

Question 62

Painful upon application; hypersensitivity, acid base imbalance

Answer 62

Mafenide Acetate cream