F: LESSON 11 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Plant Organs
A
➢Roots
➢Stems
➢Leaves
➢Flowers
➢Fruits
➢Seeds
2
Q
Although all angiosperms have a number of features in common, two plant groups, the __________ and ___________, differ in many anatomical details
A
monocots and eudicots
2
Q
a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes
A
asexual reproduction
2
Q
Plants form new individuals by _________ or
_________ reproduction
A
Asexual or sexual
3
Q
Asexual reproduction produces _____________ copies of a parent
A
genetically identical
3
Q
group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
A
Clone
4
Q
Genetic differences
occasionally arise in
asexually reproducing
organisms as a result
of changes in the DNA
A
mutations
5
Q
two parents give rise to offspring
that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the
two parents
A
sexual reproduction
6
Q
Sexual reproduction introduces _________ in the
combinations of traits among offspring
A
variation
7
Q
Plant life cycles are characterized by the alternation between ____________and ____________ generations
A
sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing)
7
Q
male long-horned bees mistake _________for females and attempt to mate with them
A
Ophrys flowers
7
Q
help angiosperms to reproduce sexually with physically distant
members of their own specie
A
Animals
7
Q
-produces haploid spores by meiosis
-larger, more conspicuous and longer-lived
A
Sporophyte
7
Q
key features of the
angiosperm life cycle
A
Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits (3 F’s)
8
Q
divide mitotically to
become haploid gametophytes
A
Spores
9
Q
produce
gametes
A
Gametophytes
10
Q
_______ fuse to produce zygote
A
Gametes
10
Q
Zygote divides mitotically
to become ___________
A
diploid sporophyte
11
Q
Reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte
A
Flower
11
Q
Each pollen grain contains two cells:
A
- one cell generates two sperm cells
- other produces a pollen tube through which sperm cells reach the ovule
11
Q
Flowers attach to a part of the stem called the
A
receptacle
12
Q
Characteristics of Flowers Pollinated by Insect
A
-Often yellow or blue
-Have a scent
13
Q
Characteristics of Flowers Pollinated by Birds
A
-often yellow, orange or red
-do not have a strong scent
14
Q
Characteristics of Flowers Pollinated by Bats
A
-Often have dusky white petals
-are scented
14
Pollen grains transfer from _______ to _______
anther to stigma
14
* often have smaller petals or lack petals
* do not produce a scent or nectar
* make copious amounts of pollen grains
Wind-pollinated flowers
14
After pollination, ________________, occurs
fertilization, or fusion of gametes
14
After fertilization, flowering plants produce
________ inside fruits
seeds
14
In seed plants, the transfer
of pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma
POLLINATION
15
The angiosperm life cycle includes
* Gametophyte development
* Pollination
* Double fertilization
* Seed development
16
On the anther, each __________ contains microsporocyte that divide by
meiosis, producing microspores
microsporangium
16
A __________ develops into a pollen grain. The generative cell of the gametophyte will
divide, forming two sperm.
microspore
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The tube cell will produce the
pollen tube
16
___________ of each
ovule, the megasporocyte
divides by meiosis, producing
_____________. One survives
and gives rise to a female
gametophyte
-megasporangium
-four megaspores
17
After pollination, eventually
_____________ are discharged
in each ovule
two sperm cells
18
Angiosperm gametophytes are microscopic and their development is
obscured by ____________
protective tissues
19
develops within the ovule in a tissue called megasporangium
embryo sac, (female gametophyte)
19
________________- surround a megasporangium
Two integuments (seed coat)
20
Two integuments (seed coat) surround a
megasporangium except in the
micropyle
21
Megaspore divides by mitosis w/o cytokinesis, = ________________
one large cell with eight nuclei
21
Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce two cells:
generative cell and tube cell
21
Pollen develops from microspores within the ______________, or pollen sacs, of
anthers
microsporangia
22
consists of the two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall
pollen grain
22
After landing on a receptive stigma, a pollen
grain produces a ___________ that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm cells near the embryo sac
pollen tube
23
ensures that endosperm only develops in
ovules containing fertilized eggs
double fertilization
23
After double fertilization, each ovule develops into a
seed
23
One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei, giving rise to the___________________
triploid food-storing endosperm
23
When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a
new sporophyte
23
The ovary develops into a _____ enclosing the seed
fruit
24
When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a
new sporophyte
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usually precedes embryo development
Endosperm development
26
In most monocots and many eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by the _______
seedling
27
In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are exported to the __________
cotyledons
28
first mitotic division of the zygote splits
______________ into a ___________ and a
______________
the fertilized egg into a basal cell and a
terminal cell
29
produces a multicellular
suspensor, which anchors the embryo
to the parent plant
basal cell
29
gives rise to most of the
embryo
terminal cell
30
form and the embryo
elongates
cotyledons
30
The embryo and its food
supply are enclosed by a
hard, protective
seed coat
31
The seed enters a state of
dormancy
32
A mature seed is only
about ______ water
5–15%
33
A mature seed contains a young plant embryo and nutritive tissue (________________) for use during germination
endosperm or cotyledons
34
Seed leaf of a plant embryo that often contains food stored for germination
COTYLEDON
34
Nutritive tissue formed at some point in development of all flowering plant
seeds
ENDOSPERM
35
In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean, the embryo consists of the
embryonic axis attached to _____________
two fleshy cotyledons (seed leaves)
36
Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis is called the __________
hypocotyl
37
Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis is called the hypocotyl and terminates in the
radicle (embryonic root);
37
A monocot embryo has _____ cotyledon
one
37
above the cotyledons it is called the
epicotyl
37
The _______ comprises the epicotyl, young leaves, and shoot apical meristem
Plumule
38
Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called a
scutellum
39
Two sheathes enclose the embryo of a grass seed:
-coleoptile
-coleorhiza
40
covering the young root
coleorhiza
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covering the young shoot
Coleoptile
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The __________ (embryonic root)
emerges first; the developing root
system anchors the plan
radicle
42
embryo proper contains its own store of
plant food
Exalbuminous
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plant food is stored outside of the embryo the seed
Albuminous
42
The breaking of seed dormancy often requires
environmental cues,
43
increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling
Seed dormancy
43
Germination depends on __________, the uptake of water due to low water potential
of the dry seed
imbibition
44
the ___________ breaks
through the soil surface
shoot tip
45
Seed Germination: In maize and other grasses, which are monocots, the _________ pushes up
through the soil creating a tunnel for the shoot tip to grow through
coleoptile
45
In many eudicots, during seed germination a hook forms in the __________, and growth pushes the hook above
ground
hypocotyl
45
External environmental factors of seed germination
-oxygen
-water
-temperature
-light
45
Eudicots Germination: ________causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up
Light
46
Energy needed during seed germination and growth is obtained by
-converting the energy of fuel molecules stored in the seed’s endosperm
-cotyledons to ATP by aerobic respiration thus oxygen is usually needed during germination
47
Internal factors affecting seed germination
*maturity of the embryo
* presence or absence of chemical inhibitors
47
species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants
Dioecious
47
separation of a parent plant into parts that
develop into whole plants, is a very common type of asexual reproduction
Fragmentation
47
is the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
Apomixis
47
47
In some species, a parent plant’s root system gives rise to _____________ that become separate shoot systems
adventitious shoots
48
Recognition of self pollen triggers a signal transduction pathway leading to a __________ of a pollen tube
block in growth
48
Asexual reproduction is also called _____________ because progeny
arise from mature vegetative fragments
vegetative reproduction
48
-most common mechanism that prevent self-fertilization
- a plant’s ability to reject its
own pollen
self-incompatibility
48
Some plants reject pollen that has an ______ matching an allele in the stigma cells
S-gene
48
48
48
those that can divide and asexually generate a clone of the original organism, are common in plants
Totipotent cells,
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49
Vegetative reproduction that is facilitated or induced by humans is called
vegetative propagation
49
Many kinds of plants are asexually reproduced from plant fragments called
cutting
49
is a mass of dividing, undifferentiated totipotent cells that
forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious root
callus
49
Vegetation propagation and grafting: provides the root system
Stock
50
Vegetation propagation and grafting: grafted onto the stock
scion
50
A callus of undifferentiated totipotent cells can sprout ________ and _________in response to plant hormones
shoots and roots
50
Plant biologists have adopted __________ to create and clone novel plant varieties
in vitro methods
51
Some pathogenic viruses can be eliminated by excising _______________ for tissue culture
virus-free apical meristems
51
________________ also facilitates the production of genetically modified (GM) plants
Plant tissue culture
