F: LESSON 13 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
______________ of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from below ground and above ground
A
Basic morphology
2
Q
Plants take up ________ from above ground
A
CO2 and light
2
Q
Plants take up ___________ from below
ground
A
water and minerals
2
Q
Three basic organs evolved in plants:
A
Roots, Stem, and Leaves
2
Q
These three basic organs are organized into:
A
-root system
-shoot system
2
Q
Shoot system includes
A
Stem and Leaves
2
Q
Roots rely on sugar produced by ___________in the shoot system
A
photosynthesis
3
Q
Shoots rely on ______________ absorbed by the root system
A
water and minerals
4
Q
A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called __________
A
indeterminate growth
5
Q
Secondary growth in stem includes:
A
-Periderm
-Cork Cambium
-Cortex
-Primary Phloem
-Secondary Phloem
-Vascular cambium
-Secondary Xylem
-Primary Xylem
-Pith
5
Q
are perpetually embryonic tissue and
allow for indeterminate growth
A
Meristems
5
Q
Primary growth in stems include:
A
-Epidermis
-Cortex
-Primary Phloem
-Primary Xylem
-Pit
5
Q
Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain
size; this is called
A
determinate growth
6
Q
are located at the tips of roots and
shoots
A
Apical meristems
6
Q
add thickness to woody
plants
A
Lateral meristems
6
Q
two main types of meristems
A
-Apical Meristem
-Lateral Meristem
6
Q
Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called
A
primary growth
7
Q
Lateral meristems add thickness to woody
plants, a process called
A
Secondary growth
8
Q
two lateral meristems
A
-Vascular Cambium
-Cork Cambium
9
Q
adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
A
vascular cambium
10
Q
replaces the epidermis with
periderm, which is thicker and tougher
A
Cork Cambium
11
Q
In ____________, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different locations
A
woody plants
11
Q
Meristems give rise to
A
-Initials, also called stem cells, which remain in the meristem
-Derivatives, which become specialized in mature tissues
12
Q
Primary growth arises from cells produced by _______________ and elongates parts of the ______ and _________
A
-apical meristem
-root and shoot systems
13
The root tip is covered by a _________, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil
root cap
14
Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:
-Zone of cell division (Lowest portion)
-Zone of elongation (Middle)
-Zone of differentiation, or maturation (Upper)
15
The primary growth of roots produces the ______, ________, and _________
epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue
16
In angiosperm roots, the ______ is a vascular cylinder
stele
17
In most __________, the xylem is starlike in appearance with phloem between the “arms”
Eudicots
18
In many _______, a core of parenchyma cells is surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem
monocots
18
The ground tissue, mostly___________, fills the cortex, the region between the vascular
cylinder and epidermis
Parenchymal cells
18
The endodermis regulates _______________ from the soil into the vascular cylinder
passage of substances
18
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the
endodermis
19
Lateral roots arise from within the _________, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder
Pericycle
20
is a dome-shaped mass
of dividing cells at the shoot tip
Shoot apical meristem
21
Leaves develop from ______________ along the
sides of the apical meristem
leaf primordia
22
develop from meristematic cells left
at the bases of leaf primordia
Axillary buds
23
The closer an axillary bud is to the active apical
bud, the more ________it is
inhibited
24
Axillary buds are released from this __________ if the shoot tip is removed or shaded
apical dominance
25
In some monocots, meristematic activity occurs at the bases of ___________
stems and leaves
26
develop from axillary buds on the stem’s
surface
Lateral shoots
27
In most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles arranged in a _____
ring
27
In most monocots, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles are _____
Scattered
28
Many land plants display __________, the growth in thickness produced by lateral meristems
secondary growth
29
Secondary growth is characteristic of __________________________________
gymnosperms and many eudicots, not monocots
30
Secondary growth occurs in
stems and roots of woody plants but rarely in leaves
30
Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by the
vascular cambium and cork cambium
31
The vascular cambium, a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick, is wholly responsible for the production of
secondary vascular tissue
32
secondary vascular tissue develops from
undifferentiated parenchyma cells
33
In a typical woody stem, the vascular cambium is located ____________ and to the __________
-outside the pith and primary xylem
-inside of the primary phloem and the cortex
34
In a typical woody root, the vascular cambium forms _____________ and ___________
-exterior to the primary xylem
-interior to the primary phloem and pericycle
34
In cross section, the vascular cambium appears as a ring of _______________-
meristematic cells
35
Late wood, formed in late summer, has thick-walled cells and contributes more to
stem support
35
Division of meristematic cells increases the ______________ and adds _______________
-vascular cambium’s circumference
-secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside
35
Cork cells deposit ________ in their walls, then die
waxy suberin
35
Elongated initials produces the following:
-tracheids
-vessel elements
-fibers of xylem
-sieve-tube elements
-companion cells
-axially oriented parenchyma
-fibers of the phloem
35
Shorter initials produces the following
-vascular rays
-radial files of parenchymal cells (connect secondary xylem and phloem)
35
Early wood, formed in the spring, has thin cell walls to
maximize water delivery
35
Secondary xylem accumulates as wood and consists of
-Tracheids
-vessel elements (only in angiosperms)
-fibers
35
As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of secondary xylem, the ____________, no longer transport water and minerals
heartwood
35
is the analysis of tree ring growth
patterns and can be used to study past climate change
Dendrochronology
35
are visible where late and early wood meet,
and can be used to estimate a tree’s age
Tree rings
35
As a tree or woody shrub ages, The outer layers, known as __________, still transport materials through the xylem
sapwood
36
The cork cambium and the tissues it produces compose a layer of ___________
periderm
36
gives rise to cork cells
Cork cambium
36
___________ in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air
Lenticels
36
consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm
Bark
37
Cells form specialized tissues, organs, and
organisms through the process of _______________
development
38
is the process by which cells with
the same genes become different from each other
Cell differentiation
38
Development of plants is consists of:
growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation
38
describes the effect of
environment on development
Developmental plasticity
39
The plane in which a cell divides is determined
during _______
late interphase
39
___________ accounts for the actual increase in plant size
Cell enlargement
39
an irreversible increase in size
Growth
39
is the development of body form and
organization
Morphogenesis
39
By _______________, cell division in meristems increases the potential for growth
increasing cell number
40
______________ form in a plane (direction)
perpendicular to the main axis of cell expansion
New cell walls
41
Microtubules become concentrated into a ring
called the ______________ that predicts the
future plane of cell division
preprophase band
42
It was previously thought that the _____________ determines leaf form
plane of cell division
42
A mutation in the ____________ that affects
longitudinal divisions does not affect leaf shape
tangled-1 gene
42
Leaf growth results from a combination of
transverse and longitudinal cell divisions
43
The symmetry of cell division, the distribution of cytoplasm between daughter cells, determines cell
fate
44
signals a key event in development
Asymmetrical cell division
44
is the condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism
Polarity
45
play a role in establishing polarity
Asymmetrical cell divisions
46
The ____________ of a plant zygote is normally
asymmetrical and initiates polarization into the shoot and
root
first division
47
Plant cells grow rapidly and “cheaply” by intake
and storage of water in _____
vacuoles
47
The _________ of Arabidopsis results from a symmetrical first division
gnom mutant
48
Plant cells expand primarily along the plant’s
________
main axis
49
____________ in the cell wall restrict the
direction of cell elongation
Cellulose microfibrils
50
is the development of specific
structures in specific locations
Pattern formation
51
Two types of hypotheses explain the fate of plant cells
-Lineage-based mechanisms
-Position-based-mechanisms
52
propose that cell fate is
determined early in development and passed on to daughter cells
Lineage-based mechanisms
53
propose that cell fate is
determined by final position
Position-based mechanisms
54
A plant homolog of Hox genes called ________ does not affect the number or placement of
plant organs
KNOTTED-1
54
KNOTTED-1 is important in the development of
leaf morphology
55
depends on gene expression,
but is determined by position
Cellular differentiation
56
__________ is communicated through cell
interactions
Positional information
57
depends on cell-to-cell communication
Gene activation or inactivation
58
For example, _________________ forms root hairs or hairless cells depending on the number of cortical cells it is touching
Arabidopsis root epidermis
59
Plants pass through developmental phases,
called ______________, developing from a
juvenile phase to an adult phase
phase changes
60
Phase changes occur within the
shoot apical meristem
61
The most obvious morphological changes
typically occur in
leaf size and shape
