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MLSP 112 (Lectures) > F2. HISTOPATHOLOGY SECTION > Flashcards

F2. HISTOPATHOLOGY SECTION Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

different procedures that have been adopted for the preparation of materials and tissue for microscopic examination.

A

Histopathologic Techniques

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2
Q

12 steps in Histopathologic Techniques:

A
  1. Numbering
  2. Fixation
  3. Dehydration
  4. Clearing
  5. Wax impregnation
  6. Embedding
  7. Blocking
  8. Trimming
  9. Sectioning
  10. Staining
  11. Mounting
  12. Labelling
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3
Q
  • Validates if the specimen is adequate or good for tissue processing
  • 1st person that will receive the specimen and put it into the container

container contains?

A

Receptionist

fixatives

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4
Q

Fixatives of container:

A
  • proportional to the size of the specimen
  • clear
  • unbreakable
  • wide mouthed bottle
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5
Q

2 specimen source?

A
  1. Bilateral organs
  2. Miscellaneous
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6
Q

Examples:
Extremities, kidneys, lungs and ovaries

[part of the body that have two sides; mirror organ images of one another]

A

Bilateral organs

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7
Q

Examples:
age, sex, ward

A

Miscellaneous

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8
Q

Basic information needed for numbering & labelling?

A
  1. date & time
  2. name of the patient
  3. specimen number
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9
Q

what are the meaning of these initials, C, A, S, when it comes to specimen number?

A

C - cytology specimen
A - anatomical specimen
S - surgical specimen

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10
Q

most critical step in histopathological
techniques

2 aims of fixation?

A

Fixation

  1. Primary aim
  2. Secondary aim
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11
Q

preserve the morphology
and chemical constituents of the tissue.

A

Primary aim

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12
Q

protect and harden the
specimen for further handling

A

Secondary aim

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13
Q

Effects of Fixatives?

A
  1. Inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the risk of infections
  2. Act as mordant or accentuator - accelerates the staining process.

Mordant - chemical that serves as a link between the dye and the substrate
Accentuator - chemical substances which increases the color intensity, crispness, and selectivity of stain

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14
Q

2 types of Fixatives:

AC

A
  1. according to actions
  2. according to composition
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15
Q

3 Types of Fixatives according to action?

A
  1. Microanatomic fixative
  2. Cytological fixative
  3. Histochemical fixative
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16
Q

Involves small tissue or organ

chemicals under this fixative?

A

microanatomic fixative

10% formol saline
10% neutral buffered formalin

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17
Q

Involves body fluid or secretion

2 fixatives under this?

A

cytological fixative

  1. nuclear fixatives
  2. cytoplasmic fixatives
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18
Q
  • flemming’s fluid
  • bouin’s fluid
  • heidenhain’s susa
A

nuclear fixatives

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19
Q
  • kelly’s fluid
  • orth’s fluid
A

cytoplasmic fixatives

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20
Q

Involves tissue containing labile substances

[labile - compounds or materials that are easily transformed (often by biological activity)]

chemicals under this fixative?

Study These Flashcards
A

histochemical fixative

  1. 10% formol saline
  2. absolute ethyl alcohol
  3. acetone
21
Q

2 types of fixative according to composition?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. simple fixative
  2. compound fixative
22
Q

Uses only one chemical for fixation

2 types of fixative under this?

Study These Flashcards
A

simple fixative

  1. aldehyde
  2. metallic fixatives
23
Q
  • formaldehyde
  • glutaraldehyde
24
Q
  • mercuric chloride
  • chromate fixatives
  • lead fixatives
Study These Flashcards
A

metallic fixatives

25
use of **two or more chemicals for fixation**
**compound fixative**
26
- **Utilizing chemical** known as **dehydrating agents** - **Removing** of **intracellular and extracellular water** and **fixatives in the tissue**
**dehydration**
27
examples of chemicals used in dehydration?
1. alcohol - most commonly used 2. acetone 3. diaxane 4. tetrahydrofuran 5. cellosolve
28
cellosolve is also known as?
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
29
**Removing of dehydrating agents** ## Footnote most commonly used?
**Clearing** ## Footnote Xylene
30
- Also known as **INFILTRATION** - the **clearing agent is completely removed** from the tissue and **replace by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities**. - **paraffin wax impregnation** ## Footnote the **simplest**, **most common** and **best embedding medium** used for routine tissue processing
**impregnation** ## Footnote paraffin
31
- Also known as **CASTING** OR **BLOCKING** - the impregnated tissue is **placed into a precisely arrange position in a mold** containing medium which is then **allowed to solidify** ## Footnote four types of tissue impregnation?
**embedding** ## Footnote 1. paraffin wax 2. celloidin 3. gelatin 4. plastic
32
Allows the medium to **solidify to produce tissue block**
**blocking**
33
- Process of r**emoving excess wax** after embedding - Can use knife/blade or heated spatula
**trimming**
34
- Also known as **CUTTING** OR **MICROTOMY** - **processed tissue is cut into uniformly thin slices** to facilitate studies under microscope ## Footnote machine or instrument used for cutting sections of tissue?
**sectioning** ## Footnote **microtome**
35
6 types of microtome?
1. rocking microtome 2. rotary microtome 3. sliding microtome 4. freezing microtome 5. cryostat microtome 6. ultrathin microtome
36
Simplest and oldest type of microtome
Rocking Microtome
37
for **cutting serial sections** of tissue specimen
Rotary Microtome
38
**Most dangerous** type of microtome
Sliding Microtome
39
For **urgent surgical biopsies specimen**
Freezing Microtome
40
- Permits **rapid penetration of tissue biopsies for surgical pathology** - Also known as **COLD MICROTOME**
Cryostat microtome
41
Specimen for **electron microscope**
Ultrathin Microtome
42
Tissue constituent are demonstrated in sections by **direct interaction with dye or staining solution** producing **coloration of the active tissue component**
**staining**
43
# staining: - Utilizes **micro-anatomical studies of tissue** - **regressive staining method**
**hematoxylin & eosin staining**
44
- solution in which the specimen is **embedded**, generally **under a cover glass**. - may be **liquid**, **gum** or **resinous** - **soluble** in water, alcohol or other solvents - **sealed from the external atmosphere** by **non-soluble ringing media**
**mounting**
45
specimens for examination in the histopathology section?
1. gynecological specimen 2. non-gynecological specimen 3. urine
46
- **Performed regularly** even in **pregnant women without undue risk** - EXAMPLE: Vaginal smear
Gynecologcial specimen
47
EXAMPLE: Respiratory Tract specimens ## Footnote examples of respiratory tract specimens?
Non-gynecological specimen ## Footnote a. sputum b. BAL - bronchoalveolar lavage
48
Determine the **presence of urethral cancer**
Urine

MLSP 112 (Lectures) (11 decks)

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