M1. Non-blood specimens: urine & stool.

Question 1

Three most common specimens:

Answer 1

1. Urine
2. Stool
3. Blood

Question 2

Urine & Stool characteristics:

Answer 2

1. non-invasively collected.
2. MTs do not collect it themselves.

Question 3

test used for urine

Answer 3

Urinalysis

Question 4

readily available in easily collected.

contains information about many of the body’s metabollic functions.

95% water & 5% solutes

Answer 4

Urine

Question 5

good indicator of GIT health.

produced by the large intestine.

Answer 5

Stool

Question 6

average daily output of Urine

Normal Daily Output

Answer 6

1200 mL-1500 mL

Question 7

also considered as Normal Daily output because it depends on our fluid intake

Answer 7

600 mL - 2000 mL

Question 8

decreased urine output.

occurs at excessive water loss.

Answer 8

Oliguria

400 mL/day (adults)

Question 9

cessation of urine flow.

suggests severe kidney damage.

urine cannot pass/flow out of the body.

Answer 9

Anuria

Question 10

increased excretion of urine during the
night.

maybe because of HORMONAL IMBALANCES/substance of use.

Answer 10

Nocturia

Question 11

increased urine output.

marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

Polyuria

> 2.5 L/day (adults)

Question 12

Organic Solutes

60-90% nitrogenous material (protein metabolism)

Answer 12

Urea
25.0-35.0 g

Question 13

Organic Solutes

derived from creatine (muscle metabolism)

Answer 13

Creatinine

1.5 g

Question 14

Organic Solutes

common compound of Kidney stones (purine metabolism)

Answer 14

Uric acid
0.4-1.0 g

Question 15

Organic Solutes

derived from Benzoic acid.

Answer 15

Hippuric Acid
0.7 g

Question 16

Inorganic Solutes

principal salt

Answer 16

NaCL
15.0 g

Question 17

Inorganic Solutes

occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

Answer 17

Potassium
3.3 g

Calcium
0.3 g

Magnesium
0.1 g

Question 18

Inorganic Solutes

derived from amino acids

Answer 18

Sulfate
2.5 g

Question 19

Inorganic Solutes

serves as buffers in blood

Answer 19

Phosphate
2.5 g

Question 20

Inorganic Solutes

derived from protein & glutamine metabolism

Answer 20

Ammonium
0.7 g

Question 21

Type of Urine Specimen

Random

Answer 21

Routine screening

Question 22

Type of Urine Specimen

First morning

more concentrated (metabollites & analytes)

Answer 22

Routine Screening
Pregnancy tests
Orthostatic protein

Question 23

Type of Urine Specimen

Midstream clean-catch

alternative to catheterized specimens
less traumatic
less contaminated by epithelial cells & bacteria

Answer 23

Routine screening
Bacterial culture

Question 24

Type of Urine Specimen

Catherized

sterile hollow tube through the urethra into the
bladder

Answer 24

Bacterial culture

Question 25

# Type of Urine Specimen Fasting

Answer 25

Diabetic screening/monitoring

Question 26

# Type of Urine Specimen 24-hr (or timed) ## Footnote 2-8 degrees C

Answer 26

Quantitative chemical tests/ quantitative measurements

Question 27

# Type of Urine Specimen Suprapubic aspiration ## Footnote pediatrics or for patients that have difficulty urinating most sterile can be used for MICROBIOLOGY

Answer 27

Bladder urine for bacterial culture Cytology

Question 28

# Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection: adding other chemicals (such as bleach)

Answer 28

Adulteration

Question 29

# Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection: use another urine sample

Answer 29

Substitution

Question 30

# Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection: adding water to reduce the concentration

Answer 30

Dilution

Question 31

documentation of sample handling. properly documented.

Answer 31

Chain of Custody

Question 32

Substances of the urine that need immediate testing:

Answer 32

Temp. (32.5-37.7 degrees C) pH color specific gravity

Question 33

prevent patients to use toilet water to dilute specimen

Answer 33

Bluing dye

Question 34

urine pH > 9

Answer 34

adulteration

Question 35

urine specific gravity < 1.005

Answer 35

Dilution

Question 36

urine should be tested within...

Answer 36

2 hrs.

Question 37

# Urine Preservatives: doesn't interfere w/ chemical tests raises: * specific gravity * precipitates urates * phosphates

Answer 37

Refrigeration

Question 38

# Urine Preservatives: doesn't interfere w/ routine test. floats on surface of specimes & clings to pipettes & testing materials.

Answer 38

Toluene

Question 39

# Urine Preservatives: doesn't interfere w/ routine test. causes odor change.

Answer 39

Phenol

Question 40

# Urine Preservatives: ideal for Drug testing. inhibits reagent strip tests.

Answer 40

Sodium Fluoride

Question 41

# Urine Preservatives: preserves sediments. interferes w/ chemical tests.

Answer 41

Formalin

Question 42

Feces/Stool are ____ detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria & virus.

Answer 42

cultured

Question 43

Fecalysis is for?

Answer 43

Occult blood Fat content Urobilinogen content

Question 44

provided to screen for the **presence of occult (hidden) blood** ## Footnote meat-free diet for 3 days prior to the test collect separate specimens for 3 successful days

Answer 44

Hema-screen guaiac slide test kit.