F3. IMMUNOLOGY, SEROLOGY, & BLOOD BANKING Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
- study of immune system
- Study of molecules, cells, tissue, organs, and systems whose function is to recognize and dispose harmful substances or foreign substances
- Study of desirable and undesirable consequences of the immune system
A
IMMUNOLOGY
2
Q
- study of antigen-antibody reaction
- Study of non-cellular component of the blood called SERUM
Samples used in serological test:
1. most commonly used
A
SEROLOGY
- Serum
- CSF
- Urine
- Stool
3
Q
WHEN TO USE SEROLOGY?
A
- Unable to culture infectious agent
- Confirmation of etiologic ID of the specimens
- Diagnosis of immunologically-related disorders
- Determine immune status
4
Q
- Also known as FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
- Stimulate the immune system
- induce or elicit an immune response
- induce or elicit the production of antibodies
A
ANTIGEN
5
Q
- Also knowns as IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- One of the major substances produced by the immune system that will block harmful antigen
- Find a specific antigen, bind to it, and then destroy it
Its functions?
A
ANTIBODIES
- cell toxicity
- neutralization
- opsonization
6
Q
OVERVIEW OF SEROLOGICAL TEST
reactions we need to see in majority of the serological test
A
- Agglutination
- Precipitation
7
Q
- Antigens involved are particulate [very visual test & very visual reaction]
- Clumping of reactants in serological test
A
Agglutination
8
Q
- Antigens involved are soluble antigens
- Liquid form or formation of sediments in the mixture
A
Precipitation
9
Q
DIFFERENT SEROLOGICAL TESTS
1. VDRL
2. ELISA
3. RPR
A
- VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TEST
- ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
- RAPID PLASMA REAGIN
- FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY
- RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
10
Q
- Only use for screening for [bacterial infection of] syphilis, uses heated serum
- Principle? [a water treatment process where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water]
similar to precipitation
A
VDRL
principle? flocculation
11
Q
- Also known as Enzyme immunoassay
- Measures enzymatic reactions
- Uses enzymes as labels
- more prone to contamination
- example of screening test that can be used for HIV
____ as their reagents to create a color reaction
A
ELISA
enzymatic reactions
12
Q
three enzyme labels?
A
- highly stable
- extreme specificity
- cannot be altered by inhibitors
13
Q
- Only use for screening for syphilis, uses unheated serum
- Principle: flocculation
A
RAPID PLASMA REAGIN
14
Q
- Uses fluorescent compounds known as fluorophores or fluorochrome as labels
- there is a positive reaction when there is an emission of light from your specimen
A
FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY
15
Q
- Uses radioactive substances as label
- similar to fluorescent immunoassay in positive reactions
A
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
16
Q
ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?
A
- Defending the body against infections
- Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
- Defending the body against the development of tumors
17
Q
- condition of being resistant to infection
- recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances
- Can be classified as either ___ or ____.
A
IMMUNITY
innate or acquired
innate or natural immunity
acquired or adaptive immunity
18
Q
- Innate/non-adaptive/non-specific
- Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
- present at birth
- involves skin, WBCs, protein w/ immunity functions
A
NATURAL IMMUNITY
19
Q
- Adaptive or specific – a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances
- Results from surviving an infection from a foreign substance
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
20
Q
Types of adaptive immunity:
1. body is involved and triggered in producing Abs.
2. body is supplied or has been given Abs.
A
- Active
- Passive
Natural & Artificial Active
Natural & Artificial Passive
21
Q
- the source of that is an infection; being exposed then immune
- vaccine; body is involved in producing Abs.
A
- Natural Active
- Artificial Active
22
Q
- mother’s breastmilk
- commercially prepared; medical-grade; blood donation
A
- Natural Passive
- Artificial Passive
23
Q
- antibodies are produced by host
- longer immune response
A
Active Natural [infection]
Active Passive [vaccination]
24
Q
- antibodies are not produced by host
- shorter immune response
- transfer in vivo or colustrum
- infusion of serum or plasma
A
Passive Natural & Passive Artificial
- Passive natural
- Passive artificial
25
Characteristics of 2 types of adaptive immunity?
1. humoral-mediated immunity
2. cell-mediated immunity
26
- antibody mediated
- b lymphocytes
- antibodies in SERUM
- primary defense against bacterial infection
humoral-mediated immunity
27
- cell mediated
- t lymphocytes
- direct CELL-TO-CELL CONTACT/ SOLUBLE PRODUCTS secreted by cells
- defense against VIRAL & FUNGAL INFECTIONS, INTRACELLULAR ORGANISMS, TUMOR ANTIGENS, & GRAFT REJECTION
cell-mediated immunity
28
- the **collection, processing, typing and storage of whole blood and other blood products**
- Also known as **Immunohematology**
- **Study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigen and antibodies**
- mechanism of blood typing & crossmatching
- detection & measurement of antibody titers [concentration of Abs from the vaccine]
- bleeding techniques
- proper labelling
- storing & disposal of blood emphasis on quality assurance
BLOOD BANKING
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2 types of blood typing?
- forward/ direct typing
- reverse/ back typing
30
- detection of **ANTIGENS**
- specimen? **patient's RBCs**
- reagent used? **COMMERCIALLY PREPARED ANTI-SERA**
Forward or Direct Typing
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- detection of **ANTIBODIES**
- specimen? **patient's SERUM**
- reagent? **COMMERCIALLY PREPARED RBCs SUSPENSION**
- ***check if the bloodtype of the forward is correct***
Reverse or Back Typing
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blood donor screening purpose?
1. ensure the safety of the donor
2. ensure the safety of the recipient
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FOUR TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION
1. allogenic donation
2. directed donation
3. autologous donation
4. apheresis donation
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- Involves **donation of blood for the use of general public**
- **no direct patient/ no target patient**
- **anyone who is in need of blood can use that**
Allogenic donation
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Involves donation of blood **use of specific patient**
Directed donation
36
- **Donate blood for your own use in the future**
- reserved when you have a rare blood type
Autologous donation
37
- **Donate specific component of blood**
- blood has several components: **plasma, RBC, WBC, PLTs**
- you are donating these components separately or just one of the components of whole blood
- example of **maximizing the blood product**
Apheresis donation
38
SIX STEPS IN DONOR SCREENING AND COLLECTION
1. registration
2. health/medical history
3. physical examination
4. phlebotomy [testing for any blood born disease]
5. post-donation care
6. serological testing of donor's blood
39
- vital information from the donor
## Footnote
it includes?
REGISTRATION
## Footnote
1. name
2. address
3. telephone nmber
4. date & time of collection
5. gender & birthdate
6. age
40
**average amount of blood to be transfused**
450 mL
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average volume of blood in the body of an adult
5-6 L
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**fluid loss can be replenish in?**
4 days
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**iron loss can be replenish in?**
56 days
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it takes ____ **replace or produce or to take the lifespan of red blood cells**
120 days
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you must have a ____ of the donor in the registration.
VALID ID
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- Interview sheet or questionnaire must be given
- Questionnaire are designed to ensure safety for the
donor and recipient
HEALTH OR MEDICAL HISTORY INTERVIEW
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Physical examination in blood donor's screening includes?
1. weight
2. temperature
3. blood pressure
4. pulse rate
5. Hgb & Hct
48
minimum weight requirement?
50 kg/ 110 lbs
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There should be ___ to be donated
10.5 mL/kg
50
**Maximum amount of blood for blood bag** is?
525 mL
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**volume of anticoagulant present in the blood bag?**
63 mL
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Required temperature is not > ____
**37° C or 99.5°F**
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oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
Hgb
54
volume of RBCs
Hct
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Standard method of Hgb & Hct?
cyanmethemoglobin
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Screening test of Hgb & Hct?
copper sulfate solution
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- accepted
- if the blood SINK WITHIN 15 SECS.
Hgb & Hct are > 12.5 g/dL
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- rejected
- if the blood FLOATS/ TAKES LONGER THAN 15 SECS. TO SINK
Hgb & Hct are < 12.5 g/dL
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COMPONENT PREPARATION & THERAPY?
1. whole blood
2. components
3. closed system
4. open system
60
blood collected before separation into components
Whole Blood
61
parts of whole blood that are separated
Components
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a **sterile system of blood collection**
Closed System
63
- when the **collection is exposed to air**, **decreasing expiration date**
- given for immediate donations
Open System
64
Fresh whole blood cells
## Footnote
1. stored @?
2. transported @?
Whole Blood
## Footnote
1. 1-6 degrees C
2. 1-10 degreed C [inside the ice box]
65
RBCs are:
1. stored @?
2. transport @?
1. 1-6 degrees C
2. 1-10 degreed C [inside the ice box]
66
PLTs are stored @?
## Footnote
important in storage so PLTs will not clump...
20-24 degreed C [room temp. w/ constant agitation]
## Footnote
constant agitation
67
**plasma** that is **freshly separated from whole blood**
## Footnote
1. stored @?
2. transfused within?
Fresh Frozen Plasma
## Footnote
1. 1-6 degrees C
2. 24-hrs.
68
frozen blood products
## Footnote
stored @ ____ for 1 yr.
CRYOPRECIPITATE
## Footnote
-18 degrees celsius
69
stored @__?
-18 degrees celsius
PLASMA & LIQUID PLASMA
70
2 methods of apheresis?
1. intermittent
2. continuous
71
1 vein
intermittent
72
2 veins
continuous
73
anticoagulant of apheresis?
heparin
74
advanatages of apheresis?
1. large volume of blood
2. removal of unwanted substances
75
3 types of apheresis?
1. platelet apheresis
2. leukapheresis
3. plasmapheresis
76
**Collection of platelets** by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and component plasma
PLATELET APHERESIS
77
**Removal of PMNs, basophils, eosinophils for transfusion** into patients whole PMNs are ineffective or where traditional therapy has failed
LEUKAPHERESIS
78
**Collection of blood plasma** by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet
PLASMAPHERESIS
