FA

Question 1

which organs have insulin independent uptake of glucose?

Answer 1

this is going to be your GLUT 1 and GLUT 2;

Thus, Brain, RBC, intestines, Cornea, and Kidneys, Liver, and beta pancreatic cells

Question 2

How is insulin synthesized?

Answer 2

pre insulin in ER is packaged in to Proinsulin granules. Cleaved within granules and all content are released (insulin and C peptide)

Question 3

what is the process that triggers insulin release?

Answer 3

Glucose comes in through GLUT 2–> generation of ATP–>out flowing K channels are closed–>cell depolarizes–>inflow of calcium channels through voltage gated channels–> exocytosis of granules

Question 4

which GLUT should you think of as strictly regulated by Insulin’s presence?

Answer 4

GLUT 4–> muscle/ fat

Question 5

TORCHES

Answer 5

vertical trasmission bugs

Toxoplasma, Other (Parvovirus, varicella), Rubella, CMV, Herpes, Syphilis

Question 6

Blue berry muffin rash can be seen in which 2 congenital infections?

Answer 6

Rubella, CMV

Question 7

Paraventricular calcifications in infant

Answer 7

CMV infection

Question 8

CD4 <50 disposed to what infections?

Answer 8

MAC, CMV

Question 9

cryptosporidium causes what?

Answer 9

diarrhea

Question 10

what are the acid fast organisms

Answer 10

TB, leprosy, nocardia, cryptosporidium

Question 11

Leishmaniasis treatment

Answer 11

Stibogluconate; amphotericin B

Question 12

swiss cheese on head CT/MRI

Answer 12

neurocysticercosis due to taenia

Question 13

egg shell calcification in liver

Answer 13

hydatid cyst due to echinococcus granulosus

Question 14

which antibiotic has vitamin K def

Answer 14

cephalosporin

Question 15

Cephalosporin treats what?

Answer 15

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella

Question 16

first gen. Cephalosporin treats what?

Answer 16

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella

Question 17

which are the first generation of cephalosphorins?

Answer 17

CefazoLIN, CefaLEXin

Question 18

first gen. Cephalosporin treats what?

Answer 18

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella (PECK)

Question 19

Second gen cephalosporin treats what?

Answer 19

HEN PECKS
haemophilus
Enterbacter
neisseria
proteus
e. coli
klebsiella
serratia

Question 20

which are the second gen cephalosporin drugs?

Answer 20

2 make her happy–> ceFAClor, CeFOXitin, CeFURoxime

Question 21

lacy rash sparing face

Answer 21

Roseola

Question 22

Sixth disease. what’s it called? what virus? what are symptoms? treatment?

Answer 22

Roseola. HHSV6. fever lasting for 4 days, possible febrile seizure, then lacy rash once fever is gone. Self limiting thus supportive treatment

Question 23

HHSV6 infects what cells?

Answer 23

CD4

Question 24

Sixth disease. what’s it called? what virus? what are symptoms? treatment?

Answer 24

Roseola. HHV6. fever lasting for 4 days, possible febrile seizure, then lacy rash once fever is gone. Self limiting thus supportive treatment

Question 25

HHV6 infects what cells?

Answer 25

CD4

Question 26

HHV8 is what? what does it up regulate?

Answer 26

Kaposi sarcoma; VEGF increase

Question 27

violet lesions on hard palate

Answer 27

kaposi sarcoma

Question 28

who's susceptible to kaposi sarcoma?

Answer 28

AIDS/immunocompromised, old russian men, and african men

Question 29

Kaposi sarcoma looks like Bacillary Angiomatosis. how do you know the difference?

Answer 29

one is a virus and one is a bacteria. Thus lymphocytic infiltrate vs neutrophilic infiltrate

Question 30

what kind of cells do HHV8 infect?

Answer 30

B cells

Question 31

CYP Inducers

Answer 31

``` Griseovulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin st. John's wort chronic acoholism ```

Question 32

CYP inhibitors

Answer 32

``` Ciprofloxacin Ritonavir Acute alcohol use Cimetadine Ketoconazole Amiodarone Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfa ```

Question 33

anion gap acidosis causes

Answer 33

``` Methanol Uremia DKA Propylene glycol Iron/Isoniazid Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Salicylate ```

Question 34

no anion gap acidosis causes

Answer 34

``` Hyperalimentation Addisons Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spironolactone Saline infusion ```

Question 35

Shifts K out of cell

Answer 35

Digitalis, Osmolarity, Lysis, Acidosis, and beta blockers

Question 36

Shifts K into cell

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

what factors influence diffusion/flux?

Answer 37

PA(C-C)

Question 38

Omeprazole inhibits which pump?

Answer 38

H/K cotransporter

Question 39

what's the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

Answer 39

primary uses ATP and secondary uses other ions to drive transport actions.

Question 40

osmolarity equation?

Answer 40

(number of particles)concentration

Question 41

what does a reflection coefficient of 1 mean? what about 0?

Answer 41

1=impermeable (albumin); 0=completely permeable (urea)

Question 42

Tetrototoxin blocks what channel?

Answer 42

Sodium channels

Question 43

How does each of these affect conduction velocity: Fiber size? Myelination?

Answer 43

fiber size increase decreases resistance-->thus it will increase velocity. Myelination insulates the fibers..thus it will increase velocity.

Question 44

Hemicholinium mechanism?

Answer 44

inhibits Na/Ach symporter

Question 45

Curare/curonium drugs mechanism?

Answer 45

competitive blockage Ach gated sodium channels of NMJs

Question 46

which is the only Gram positive bacteria with LPS?

Answer 46

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 47

Cereulide. what is it

Answer 47

toxin produced by bacillus ceres emetic type.... produces emesis in 1-5 hours post ingetion

Question 48

IV drug user endocarditis. 2 ddx

Answer 48

staph arueus | candida albicans

Question 49

Candida albicans... what does it look like at 20 degrees? 37 degrees?

Answer 49

Germ tube at 37; psuedohyphae in 20

Question 50

treatment options for aspergillus?

Answer 50

voriconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B

Question 51

paranasal necrosis

Answer 51

aspergillosis in immunocompromised

Question 52

black eschar on face

Answer 52

Mucor

Question 53

what organisms invade via cribiform plate?

Answer 53

Mucor and Naegleria fowleri

Question 54

Ovoid yeast on methanamine silver stain?

Answer 54

Pneumocystis