Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing Ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Age Ranges of ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vaso vasorum destruction
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
Atrophy of the mamillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thaimine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg. adenocarcinoma, MALToma)
H. pylori
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
S. pneumoniae
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B strep/E coli (newborns)
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenburg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to vWF)
Brain tumor in adults
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
Brain tumor in children
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmemopausal women)
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac manifestations of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium, “ball and valve”)
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk emboli)
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinema (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > Circumflex
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic- from corticosteroid therapy
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetrology of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Death in CML
Blast crisis
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Dementia
Alzheimers disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosis by barium swallow)
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); Adenocarcinoma (US)
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
Helminthic infection (US)
Enterbius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
Hematoma - epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Hematoma - subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, bronze diabetes, and increased risk of HCC)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Addison disease
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (elevated risk of thrombosis)
Hypertension, secondary
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg. polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Infection in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E coli, Aspergillus [catalase (+)]
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
Kidney stones
Calcium - radiopaque
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
Metastases to liver
Colon»_space; stomach, pancreas
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mixed (UMN + LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B virus
Nephrotic syndrome (Adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephrotic syndrome (Kids)
Minimal change disease
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus. Pseudomonas, other enteric gram (+) rods
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Opportunstic infections with AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystademona
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C trochomatis, N gonorrhoeae
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45XO/46XX mosaic)
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
Primary liver cancer
HCC (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco smoking)
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
S3 heart sound
Elevated ventricular filling pressure (eg. mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
Sexually transmitted disease
C trochomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Site of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphoma (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor)
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL, activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignany, radiosensitive), elevated placental ALP
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, non precancerous)
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Type of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
UTI
E coli, S. saprophyticus (young women)
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
