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MOD (year 3) > FA reproduction/neonatology > Flashcards

FA reproduction/neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the common perinatal physiological problems?

A 
inactivity/lethargy
hypoglycaemia
hypothermia
acidosis
hypoxaemia 
(all linked)
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2
Q

how fast should a calf reach sternal recumbency?

A

within 5 minutes

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3
Q

what are some ways of stimulating breathing in a calf?

A

straw in nose/rub
cold water in ear
acupuncture on philtrum

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4
Q

what is contained in colostrum?

A 
fat 
protein
vitamns/minerals
IgG (immune cells)
growth factors, cytokines, enzymes
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5
Q

what are the four Qs for colostrum?

A

quantity
quality
quickly
squeaky clean

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6
Q

what can be used to assess colostrum quality?

A

refractometer

colostrometer/hydrometer

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7
Q

what do colostrometers measure?

A

the density of colostrums (high density is better)

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8
Q

how much colostrum should be fed at each feed?

A

5-10% of bodyweight (2-3L)

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9
Q

when are the first two feeds of colostrum given?

A

within two hours of birth

6-12 hours of birth

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10
Q

when are calves most at risk of disease?

A

at weaning

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11
Q

when can frozen colostrum be collected?

A

first milk only (from low risk Johnes cows)

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12
Q

why may failure of passive transfer occur?

A

insufficient feeding, IgG production failure, absorption failure

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13
Q

what is failure of passive transfer defined by?

A

IgG < 1g/L

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14
Q

when can calves be tested for failure of passive transfer?

A

day 2-7 post calving (bloods)

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15
Q

what are the routes of infection of navel ill?

A

navel

oro-respiratory

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16
Q

what are possible sequelae of navel ill?

A

peritonitis
septicaemia
poly arthritis (joint-ill)

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17
Q

how does peritonitis appear on ultrasound of the abdomen?

A

increased peritoneal fluid

fibrin strands

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18
Q

how can joint ill be treated?

A

long course antibiotics (2 weeks)
joint lavage
anti-inflammatories

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19
Q

what is the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?

A

bacteraemia - bacteria in blood

septicaemia - bacteria multiplying in blood

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20
Q

what are possible causes of septicaemia in cal es?

A

E. coli
actinomyces
staphylococcus
salmonella

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21
Q

what aged calves is septicaemia usually seen in?

A

1-5 days old

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22
Q

what is the prognosis of septicaemia in calves?

A

very poor (supportive care)

23
Q

what are two common abnormalities associated with BVD?

A

cataracts

cerebellar hypoplasia

24
Q

what is the organism that causes calf diphtheria?

A

fusobacterium necrophorum

25
Q

what age calves is abomasa bloat seen in?

A

1-2 weeks old

26
Q

what could cause right sided abdominal swelling?

A 
abomasal bloat
abdominal catastrophe (torsion, volvulus...)
27
Q

how can a gaseous rumen bloat be treated?

A

pass stomach tube

fistula

28
Q

how can abomasal bloat be treated?

A

sedate and role onto back

29
Q

what five agents cause the majority of calf scours?

A 
rotavirus
coronavirus
crytposporidia
E. coli
Salmonella
30
Q

how does rotavirus and coronavirus cause diarrhoea?

A

damages intestinal lining cause milk malabsorption, fluid and electrolyte loss

31
Q

how does E. coli cause diarrhoea?

A

toxins stimulate hypersecretion of water and electrolytes from cells

32
Q

what is dysentery?

A

diarrhoea with mucus/blood

33
Q

what are the host defences against diarrhoea?

A

passive immunity (colostrum)
healthy gut flora
healthy mucosa

34
Q

what environmental factors will influence calves developing diarrhoea?

A

pathogen load (spatial, time)
calving area
hygiene/cleaning
inside/outside

35
Q

how can feeding cold milk lead to bloating?

A

won’t trigger oesophageal grove so milk goes into rumen

36
Q

what vaccinations are available for the dam to protect against the causes of neonatal diarrhoea?

A

E. coli
rotavirus
coronavirus

37
Q

what aged calves is coccidiosis usually seen in?

A

> 21 days

38
Q

what is used to treat coccidiosis?

A

sulphonamides

diclazuril

39
Q

what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in calves?

A

dark scour

tenesmus

40
Q

what aged calves are effected by necrotic enteritis?

A

2-6 months old

41
Q

what are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis?

A

pyrexia
pale MM
thrombocytopenia
leucopenia

42
Q

what are the clinical signs of peri-weaning scour syndrome?

A

pasty scour, poor growth, bloat

43
Q

what are the pathophysiological effects of diarrhoea?

A

dehydration/hypovolaemia
metabolic acidosis
hyperkalaemia
hypoglycaemia

44
Q

what can be used to assess dehydration in a calf?

A

demeanour
position of globe
skin test
total protein

45
Q

when may dehydration cause a problem for total protein measuring?

A

when measuring for failure of passive transfer can give inaccurate results

46
Q

what are the therapeutic targets of fluid therapy for a diarrheic calf?

A 
correct hypovolaemia
correct metabolic acidosis
correct hypoglycaemia
correct pre-renal failure
(save life not stop diarrhoea)
47
Q

should milk replacer be given with fluid therapy?

A

yes (but give separately - predispose to bloat)

48
Q

what are the four major requirements of electrolyte solutions for fluid therapy?

A 
sodium to norm alise ECF volume
substance to facilitate absorption of sodium/water from intestines
alkalinising agent to correct metabolic acidosis
give energy (most in negative energy balance)
49
Q

what are the advantages of using VFA over bicarbonate in electrolyte solutions?

A

they facilitate sodium/water absorption
produce energy when metabolised
don’t alkalinise the abomasum
don’t interfere with milk clotting

50
Q

when calves should IV fluids be used in?

A

unable to stand
severe acidosis
failure to improve from oral fluids
severely dehydrated (even if standing)

51
Q

what are examples of volume expanding fluids?

A

plasma like
sodium chloride
sodium bicarbonate

52
Q

what is the best alkalinising agent to use in IV fluids?

A

bicarbonate

53
Q

should antibacterials be used for calf diarrhoea?

A

no - most pathogens are viral or protozoal

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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