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MOD (year 3) > Equine reproduction/neonatology > Flashcards

Equine reproduction/neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mare?

A

female horse over 4 years old

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2
Q

what is a filly?

A

female horse young than 4 years old

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3
Q

what type of breeder is the mare?

A

long day, polyoestrus

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4
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle of a mare?

A

21 days

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5
Q

how long is diestrus in the mare?

A

17 days

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6
Q

how long does oestrus last in the mare?

A

4-6 days

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7
Q

what does the recruited follicle become?

A

dominant

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8
Q

what does the dominant follicle produce?

A

oestrogen (induces oestrus)

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9
Q

how large does the dominant follicle have to be for ovulation?

A

> 35mm

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10
Q

how long after ovulation with oestrus end?

A

24 hours

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11
Q

what does the ovulation site of the dominant follicle become after ovulation?

A

corpus haemorrhagicum then corpus luteum

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12
Q

what does the CL produce?

A

progesterone

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13
Q

how long after ovulation will luteolysis occur?

A

15 days (prostaglandin from endometrium)

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14
Q

what is the transitional period?

A

change from anoestrus to regular cycling

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15
Q

how do the ovaries appear during the transitional period?

A

multiple small follicle (bunch of grapes)

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16
Q

can the mare be bred during the transitional period?

A

no

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17
Q

how can prostaglandins be used to manipulate oestrus?

A

induce luteolysis (oestrus commences 3-5 days later)

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18
Q

how can progestogens be used to manipulate oestrus?

A

suppress oestrus, withdrawal leads to rebound ovarian activity

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19
Q

what are oestrogens used for?

A

induce behavioural oestrus (teaser mare)

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20
Q

what can chorionic gonadotropin be used for?

A

stimulate ovulation from dominant follicle within 24 hours

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21
Q

what can deslorelin (GnRH) be used for?

A

induce ovulation in follicle >30mm within 48 hours

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22
Q

what is a non-hormonal way of manipulating oestrus?

A

photoperiod - 16 hours of light from 2-4 weeks before winter solstice

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23
Q

how can oestrus be suppressed in the mare?

A 
long term progestogens
intra-uterine device
anti-GnRH vaccine
induce long term CL (oxytocin)
put in foal (then terminate)
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24
Q

when should the mare be mated in relation to ovulation?

A

24-48 hours prior

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25
Q

how long is the unfertilised oocyte viable for?

A

12 hours

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26
Q

how long is spermatozoa viable for?

A

48 hours in mares reproductive tract

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27
Q

what are the features found when scanning a mare in oestrus?

A

dominant follicle
uterine oedema
soft oedematous cervix
(behavioural signs)

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28
Q

how does a dominant follicle appear just before ovulation/

A

softens and pointing to ovulation fossa

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29
Q

how does the oedema of the uterus appear just before ovulation?

A

cartwheel oedema begins receding 24 hours prior

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30
Q

how long after mating should a mare be scanned?

A

12-24 hours (check for ovulation)

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31
Q

what are the important mechanisms of perineal conformation?

A

vulva seal
vestibular seal
cervical competence

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32
Q

why is perineal conformation important?

A

poor confirmation leads to pneumovagina causing urovagina and leading to bacterial contamination

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33
Q

what is done during a caslicks vulvoplasty?

A

suture vulva lips together as much as necessary (for poor perineal conformation)

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34
Q

what problem can persistant CL cause?

A

no oestrus (give prostaglandins)

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35
Q

what problem can anovulatory follicles cause?

A

prolonged oestrus followed by prolonged luteal phase

36
Q

what are the three types of endometritis?

A

chronic infectious metritis
free fluid in lumen
mating induced endometritis

37
Q

how long do you have to treat mating induced endometritis?

A

5 days (conceptus in oviduct for 5 days)

38
Q

what is chronic degenerative endometrial disease?

A

progressive degeneration of endometrium that is replaced by fibrotic tissue

39
Q

what is the gestation period of a horse?

A

336 days from mating (rough)

40
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

oviduct

41
Q

what happens once the embryo enters the uterus?

A

migrates for 15 days

42
Q

what is the migration of the embryo around the uterus essential for?

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy

prevent prostaglandin release from endometrium

43
Q

when does placental attachment occur?

A

36 days after mating (base of horn)

44
Q

when does production/attachment of endometrial cups occur?

A

35 days after mating

45
Q

what maintains pregnancy for the first 5 months?

A

CL secreting progesterone

46
Q

what is the function of the endometrial cups?

A

secrete eCG to maintain CL and encourage secondary CL formation

47
Q

when do the endometrial cups begin to degenerate?

A

day 70 (gone by day 150)

48
Q

what maintains pregnancy once endometrial cups have degenerated and CLs have gone?

A

foetal placental progesterone

49
Q

what happens to the endometrial cups if the foal dies?

A

cups remain (no oestrus)

50
Q

how can behavioural signs be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

no oestrus behaviour and won’t accept mare 14-21 days after mating

51
Q

when can eCG in blood be used to diagnose pregnancy?

A

day 45-90

52
Q

when can oestrone sulphate in blood be used to diagnose pregnancy?

A

day 120 onwards (also indicated foetal viability)

53
Q

how far into pregnancy usually used?

A

day 40

54
Q

how large will the lump be at day 40 in gestation?

A

grapefruit

55
Q

when is the best time to ultrasound scan for pregnancy diagnosis of the mare?

A

first scan 15-16 days

second scan 24-26 days

56
Q

why is a pregnancy scan done 15-16 days after mating?

A

check for twins and pregnancy

57
Q

why is a pregnancy scan done 24-26 days after mating?

A

heartbeat visible

can still terminate before endometrial cups

58
Q

how far into the pregnancy can trans abdominal scanning be used to confirm pregnancy?

A

6 months

59
Q

when does early embryonic death occur?

A

before day 40

60
Q

what can cause early embryonic death?

A

congenital abnormalities
uterine infection/environment
breeding on foal heat

61
Q

what is foal heat?

A

the first heat roughly 7 days after the mare has foaled

62
Q

what are possible viral infections that can cause abortion?

A

equine herpesvirus 1
equine viral arteritis
bacterial (ascending infection, haematogenous)
fungus

63
Q

how can abortion due to equine herpesvirus 1 be prevented?

A

vaccinate 5, 7, 9 months into pregnancy

64
Q

what is done if a twin pregnancy is diagnosed?

A

abort

one twin manually crushed

65
Q

how can abortion be induced before 3 months?

A

prostaglandin

66
Q

how can abortion be induced after 3 months?

A

repeated prostaglandin

dilate cervix

67
Q

how can foaling be induced?

A

oxytocin injection (large risk for dystocia/rupture)

68
Q

what is prematurity?

A

foal born at a gestational age of <320 days with immature physical characteristics

69
Q

what is dysmaturity?

A

full term foal with immature physical features

70
Q

what are the characteristics of a premature/dysmature foal?

A 
low birth rate
short silky hair 
floppy ears
domed head
flexor tendon laxity
incomplete ossification
71
Q

when does maximum absorption of colostrum occur in foals?

A

within 8 hours of life

72
Q

what are predisposing factors for the failure of passive transfer of immunity (colostrum)?

A

premature lactation (colostrum loss)
inadequate colostrum production
failure to ingest/absorb

73
Q

when does IgG peak?

A

18 hours

74
Q

what is given to treat failure of passive transfer over 12 hours of age?

A

plasma transfusion

75
Q

what are the risk factors for neonatal illness?

A 
dam health during gestation
gestational/foaling environment
ease of delivery
gestational age at birth
placental abnormalities
placental transfer of immunoglobulins
76
Q

how long should it take the suckling reflex to be present in foals?

A

within 20 minutes

77
Q

how fasts should meconium be passed?

A

within 24 hours

78
Q

what is the body temperature of a neonatal foal?

A

37.2-38.9 (higher than adult)

79
Q

what is the heart rate of a neonatal foal?

A

40-80bpm

80
Q

how do the normal lungs of neonatal foals sound?

A

harsh/loud

81
Q

what is the first and most important differential of a sick neonatal foal?

A

neonatal septicaemia

82
Q

what are the risk factors for neonatal septicaemia?

A

failure of passive transfer

hygiene, stress, disease, management

83
Q

what are common pathogens causing neonatal septicaemia?

A 
E. coli
Actinobacillus
Salmonella
Streptococcus 
Staphylococcus 
(mixed)
84
Q

how can organisms enter the foal to cause neonatal septicaemia?

A

openings (umbilicus)
open gut
inhalation
un utero

85
Q

what are the clinical signs neonatal septicaemia?

A 
off-suck and lethargy
increased respiratory rate/effort
dark MM 
petechial haemorrhage
diarrhoea
hypopyon
meningitis 
lameness (swelling)
86
Q

what happens during septic shock?

A

vasodilation
increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
initial increase of CO

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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