Facts

Question 1

A drug is a chemical substance used for what three purposes?

Answer 1

1. Preventing, treating or diagnosing disease
2. Preventing pregnancy
3. Recreational or other forms of abuse

Question 2

What term describes what drugs do to the body?

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

What term describes what the body does to drugs and how fast it does it?

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetics

Question 4

What are the first three pharmacokinetic steps?

Answer 4

Administration > Absorption > Distribution

Question 5

What are the pharmacodynamic steps?

Answer 5

Receptor agonism or antagonism

Question 6

What are the final three steps of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 6

Redistribution > Metabolism > Excretion

Question 7

Most drugs are what kind of compounds?

Answer 7

Organic

Question 8

Where do most drugs originate from?

Answer 8

Natural sources, but are synthesized for commercial purposes

Question 9

What are the three types of names that most drugs have?

Answer 9

Chemical
Generic (official)
Trade (proprietary)

Question 10

What are some of the nine possible formulations of drugs?

Answer 10

Tablets, capsules, pills,
pearls, solutions, suspensions,
ointments, tinctures, salves

Question 11

What are the two routes of enteral administration?

Answer 11

Oral and rectal

Question 12

What are the seven routes of parenteral administration of drugs?

Answer 12

Sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous,
subcutaneous, intrathecal, topical,
transdermal

Question 13

What are the three factors that determine drug absorption and distribution?

Answer 13

1. Molecular size
2. Solubility
3. Conditions at site of tissues to be penetrated by drug

Question 14

In regard to polarity, what form of a drug can readily penetrate cell membranes?

Answer 14

Nonionized. Drugs that are lipid soluble (non-polar) are able to penetrate cell membranes mor rapidly

Question 15

Why do plasma proteins “help” drugs?

Answer 15

Highly lipid soluble drugs need help dissolving in the aqueous environment of the blood plasma.

Question 16

What needs to happen to bound drugs (to plasma proteins) to act on receptors?

Answer 16

While bound they are inactive and trapped in the bloodstream. Only “free drugs” (unbound) are distributed across tissues.

Question 17

Drugs that ACTIVATE receptors are called ___

Answer 17

Agonists

Question 18

Drugs that BLOCK receptors are called ___

Answer 18

Antagonists

Question 19

What term describes the dose required to produce minimum response?

Answer 19

Potency

Question 20

What term describes maximum magnitude of response?

Answer 20

Efficacy

Question 21

What term describes the difference between toxic and effective dose?

Answer 21

Margin of safety

Question 22

What term describes the ratio of toxic and effective dose?

Answer 22

Therapeutic index

Question 23

Where are most receptors that are targeted by drugs?

Answer 23

The external cell membrane

Question 24

What kind of drug-receptor bonds are most common?

Answer 24

Ionic bonds (reversible)

Question 25

Are stronger bonds than ionic possible and are they reversible?

Answer 25

Covalent bonds are rare and irreversible

Question 26

What are the three categories of drug receptor types?

Answer 26

Extracellular membrane spanning receptors Extracellular molecules Intracellular molecules

Question 27

What are the three types of extracellular membrane spanning receptors?

Answer 27

Transmembrane G protein coupled receptors Transmembrane enzyme activating receptors Channel modulators

Question 28

What is the one type of extracellular molecule receptor?

Answer 28

Enzyme modulators

Question 29

What are the two types of intracellular molecule receptors?

Answer 29

Genetic transcription modulators | Enzyme modulators

Question 30

What are the three ways in which drug actions are terminated?

Answer 30

Redistribution Metabolism Excretion

Question 31

What are the two phases of metabolism?

Answer 31

Phase 1: oxidation and reduction to produce more polar metabolites. Phase 2: conjugation produces a larger metabolite

Question 32

Kidneys are the major organ of drug excretion. What are the four ways they do this?

Answer 32

Drugs may be: 1. filtered in the glomerulus 2. secreted from the bloodstream into the nephron 3. reabsorbed from the nephron into the bloodstream, and 4. excreted into the urine

Question 33

What is meant by "first pass metabolism"?

Answer 33

The drug is absorbed in the GI tract and passes via the portal vein into the liver where some drugs are metabolized. Sometimes the result is that only a proportion of the drug reaches the circulation.

Question 34

What is meant by the "enterohepatic cycle"?

Answer 34

Some substances circulate from the liver to the bile, which is excreted into the small intestine where enterocytes absorb it and take it back to the liver.

Question 35

What is the basic function of the cytochrome P450 cycle?

Answer 35

It permits the transfer of electrons from electron donor compounds to drugs and other metabolic substrates. The result is usually a more polar and excretable metabolite.