Family Flashcards

Question

the rise in one-person households

Answer 1

- One-person households now account for 29% of all UK households, indicating a shift in living arrangements. - Many of these households are elderly individuals, particularly older women who have lost partners. - The increase in one-person households raises questions about social support and community connections. - This trend challenges traditional notions of family and highlights the importance of friendships and social networks.

Answer 2

- The increase in one-person households is significantly influenced by the ageing population, with more elderly individuals living alone, particularly older women whose partners have passed away. - In 2015, the number of people living alone in the UK increased, reflecting a shift in societal norms and living arrangements. - The rise in solo living is not only due to ageing but also includes younger individuals who choose to live alone, remain single, or are divorced. - International migration contributes to this trend, as many students and young professionals move to the UK for education or work, often living alone during their stay.

Answer 3

- Research by Sasha Roseneil and Shelley Budgeon (2006) indicates that friends often provide more emotional support than biological family members for individuals facing mental health issues. - The perception that friends are replacing family is debated; some argue that friends are becoming more like family, while family members are adopting friend-like roles. - This shift may reflect broader societal changes where traditional family structures are less central to individuals' lives.

Answer 4

- The total number of people living alone in 2015 was approximately 7.74 million, indicating a significant increase from 2005. - The age group with the largest increase in solo living was 45-64, highlighting changing social dynamics.

Answer 5

- As of March 2015, there were 69,540 looked-after children in England, with 60% placed in care due to neglect or abuse. - The majority of these children are placed with foster families, while others reside in children's homes or secure units, which cater to specific needs such as behavioural issues. - Secure units are designed for children who have committed offences, often limiting their freedom as part of rehabilitation.

Answer 6

- In 2011, 3.2% of individuals aged 65 and over lived in care homes in England and Wales, reflecting the need for alternative living arrangements as people age. - Residential care homes provide essential support and accommodation for older adults, often including medical care and social activities.

Answer 7

- When researching looked-after children, ethical issues such as consent, confidentiality, and the potential for emotional distress must be considered. - Researchers should ensure that participants are fully informed about the study and its implications, and that their privacy is protected.

Answer 8

- Individuals typically experience various family and household settings throughout their lives, influenced by personal relationships and life events. - Significant life events such as marriage, divorce, and the birth of children often trigger changes in household dynamics. - The concept of 'turning points' is crucial in understanding how family structures evolve over time.

Answer 9

- A typical life course may include stages such as living in a nuclear family, transitioning to a lone-parent family, and eventually forming a reconstituted family after remarriage. - Young adults may experience solo living during education or early career stages, reflecting independence before settling into more traditional family structures. - The empty nest phase occurs when children leave home, leading to a shift in family dynamics and potentially increased time spent in this stage due to longer life expectancy.

Answer 10

- Researchers must choose appropriate methods to study family dynamics, weighing the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative versus quantitative approaches. - Ethical considerations are paramount, especially when dealing with sensitive topics related to family and household changes.

Answer 11

- The nuclear family is often viewed as the standard family model, consisting of two parents and their children. - This model is prevalent in many Western societies but does not encompass the full range of family structures globally. - Historical context: The rise of the nuclear family is linked to industrialisation and urbanisation in the 19th century. - Critiques of the nuclear family highlight its limitations in addressing diverse family needs and dynamics. - Examples of alternative family structures challenge the notion of the nuclear family as the 'norm'.

Answer 12

- Communes emerged prominently in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in the USA, as a response to societal norms. - A commune is characterised by shared living spaces, resources, and collective decision-making among its members. - Kanter (1979) illustrates a unique commune where a cat was humorously designated as the head of the household, emphasising communal values over individualism. - Communes often prioritise equality among genders and age groups, fostering a sense of community and shared responsibility. - Modern communes may still exist, adapting to contemporary values and environmental concerns.

Answer 13

- Kibbutzim are collective communities in Israel, originally established by Jewish settlers in the early 20th century. - These agricultural settlements emphasise cooperation, equality, and communal living, with over 2% of Israel's population residing in kibbutzim today. - Historically, children were raised separately from their parents, cared for by 'kibbutz mothers', promoting communal child rearing. - Recent changes have allowed children to live with their biological parents until adolescence, reflecting evolving family dynamics. - Kibbutzim serve as a model for examining how cultural values shape family structures and child rearing practices.

Answer 14

- Introduced in 1979, the one-child policy aimed to control population growth in urban areas of China. - Couples faced significant penalties for having more than one child, including fines and job repercussions, leading to widespread criticism. - The policy was seen as a violation of human rights and sparked international debate about population control measures. - In 2016, the policy was relaxed, allowing couples to have two children due to concerns over an ageing population and low birth rates. - The shift in policy reflects changing societal needs and the importance of a younger workforce to support the elderly.

Answer 15

- Sociologists study family structures across different cultures to understand the diversity of family forms and their implications. - Cross-cultural studies reveal how social, economic, and political factors influence family dynamics and relationships. - Understanding family diversity helps in addressing social issues and developing policies that cater to various family needs. - Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) emphasise the significance of recognising different family structures in contemporary society. - The study of family diversity is crucial for fostering inclusivity and understanding in increasingly multicultural societies.

Answer 16

- Family diversity encompasses various structures, roles, and social networks that differ across families. - The domestic division of labor varies, with some families adopting traditional roles while others embrace dual-worker models. - Social networks, including extended family connections, play a significant role in shaping family dynamics. - Examples of family structures include single-parent families, blended families, and same-sex families, each illustrating unique characteristics of diversity.

Answer 17

- Families exhibit cultural diversity through differing values and beliefs, influenced by ethnic backgrounds. - Minority ethnic groups, such as Cypriot, South Asian, and African-Caribbean, showcase distinct cultural practices and values. - Religious differences, such as between Catholics and Protestants, further illustrate variations in family beliefs and practices. - These cultural differences impact child rearing practices, gender roles, and attitudes towards education and work.

Answer 18

- A family's social class position significantly affects its resources and lifestyle choices. - Working-class families often maintain conventional gender roles, while middle-class families may experience role inequality due to career demands. - Child rearing practices differ by social class, with working-class parents tending to use more physical discipline. - The impact of social class on family dynamics can lead to varying educational and occupational outcomes for children.

Answer 19

- Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) identify five dimensions of family diversity: organisational, cultural, social class, life course, and cohort. - Organisational diversity refers to variations in family structures and the division of domestic labour among members. - Cultural diversity highlights how different cultural backgrounds influence family roles and expectations. - Social class diversity examines how economic status affects family dynamics and access to resources. - Life course diversity considers how family structures change over time due to life events such as marriage, divorce, and childbearing.

Answer 20

- Life-course diversity refers to the different stages families experience, such as newlyweds versus retired couples. - Families at different life stages face unique challenges and concerns, influencing their lifestyles and priorities. - Cohort diversity highlights how societal changes over time, such as attitudes towards divorce, affect family experiences. - The stigma associated with divorce has decreased, allowing younger generations to navigate family changes more freely.

Answer 21

- One advantage of Rapoport and Rapoport's approach is its reliance on a broad range of existing studies, providing a well-rounded perspective. - A disadvantage is the potential lack of depth in understanding specific family experiences, as it does not include primary data collection. - Their framework may overlook emerging family structures that have developed since their initial analysis in the 1980s. - The approach highlights the importance of considering historical context when analysing family diversity.

Answer 22

- Talcott Parsons argued that the nuclear family has become more isolated from extended family networks in modern society. - He identified two essential functions of the nuclear family: primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personalities. - Parsons believed that the family plays a crucial role in shaping individual personalities through socialisation processes. - His view suggests that while the family has lost some functions, it remains vital for societal stability.

Answer 23

- Critics argue that Parsons' perspective is overly simplistic and does not account for the complexities of modern family structures. - The notion that families are primarily responsible for personality development may ignore other influential factors, such as peer groups and media. - Some sociologists contend that the nuclear family is not as functional as Parsons suggests, particularly in diverse and multicultural societies. - The changing roles of women and the rise of alternative family forms challenge Parsons' traditional views on family functions.

Answer 24

- The nuclear family serves as a primary agency of socialisation, where children learn societal culture and values. - Through primary socialisation, children absorb norms and behaviours that help them integrate into society. - The family environment is crucial for instilling shared values, which are essential for societal stability. - Case studies show that children from supportive family structures tend to perform better socially and academically. - The process of socialisation in families is foundational for developing a sense of identity and belonging. - The family also plays a role in teaching children about adult roles and responsibilities.

Answer 25

- The nuclear family provides emotional support, helping adults cope with external stressors from daily life. - The partnership between spouses offers a safe haven, allowing for emotional expression and stability. - Living with children allows parents to reconnect with their own childhood, which can alleviate stress and enhance emotional well-being. - The family dynamic can serve as a counterbalance to societal pressures, promoting mental health. - Critics argue that the nuclear family can also intensify stress due to high emotional demands placed on family members. - The concept of the family as a stabilising force is debated, with some suggesting it may lead to conflict instead.

Answer 26

- Critics argue that Parsons' focus on American middle-class families overlooks ethnic and social class diversity. - The idealised view of the nuclear family ignores the existence of dysfunctional families, including those with abuse or violence. - Leach (1967) suggests that the nuclear family can exacerbate emotional stress rather than alleviate it, leading to conflicts. - Critics highlight that Parsons fails to consider alternative family structures, such as communes or extended families, that can fulfill socialisation functions. - The idealisation of family life presented by Parsons does not reflect the complexities and challenges faced by many families today. - Feminist perspectives argue that the nuclear family can perpetuate female oppression by confining women to domestic roles.

Answer 27

- Unlike functionalists, Marxists view the nuclear family as serving the interests of capitalism rather than individuals. - The family is seen as a mechanism for perpetuating social inequalities across generations, particularly through wealth transmission. - Educational advantages are often inherited, reinforcing class divisions and limiting social mobility. - The separation of home and work under capitalism has led to distinct roles for men and women, with women often relegated to unpaid domestic labour. - Zaretsky argues that the family cushions individuals from the harsh realities of capitalism but fails to meet their emotional needs. - The family structure is critiqued for reproducing labour forces, with the bourgeois family preserving wealth and the proletarian family producing future workers.

Answer 28

- Zaretsky (1976) examines the family under capitalism, noting its historical role as a unit of production. - He argues that the rise of industrial capitalism led to a split between family life and work, creating separate spheres. - The family is tasked with maintaining emotional well-being, yet Zaretsky believes it cannot fully satisfy these needs. - Women's unpaid labour in the home is essential for the functioning of the capitalist economy, yet it is undervalued. - Zaretsky's analysis highlights the economic functions of the family, particularly in relation to class reproduction. - His work emphasises the need to understand family dynamics within the broader context of economic systems.

Answer 29

- The family is a fundamental social unit that reproduces the labour force by producing future generations of workers. - It serves as a unit of consumption, where families buy and consume products, thus benefiting the capitalist system. - The family is seen as a key structure that meets the basic needs of individuals and society, ensuring social stability and continuity.

Answer 30

- G.P. Murdock (1949): Proposed that the nuclear family performs four essential functions: sexual, reproductive, economic, and educational. - Zaretsky: Emphasised the family's role in capitalism, viewing it as a unit of consumption that enables the bourgeoisie to profit. - Both theorists highlight the importance of the nuclear family but from different ideological perspectives.

Answer 31

1. Murdock's Four Functions of the Nuclear Family - Sexual Function: Regulates sexual activity, providing a stable environment for relationships. - Reproductive Function: Ensures the continuation of society through procreation and child-rearing. - Economic Function: Provides economic support through a division of labour between family members. - Educational Function: Socialises children into the culture and norms of society. 2. Critiques of the Functionalist Perspective - Critics argue that Murdock's view is outdated and does not account for the diversity of family structures today. - Functionalism tends to overlook the negative aspects of family life, such as domestic violence and inequality. - Feminists criticise the functionalist perspective for reinforcing traditional gender roles and ignoring women's contributions

Answer 32

1. The Family as a Unit of Consumption Zaretsky argues that the family is crucial for capitalism as it consumes goods and services, thus generating profits for the bourgeoisie. - The family structure supports the capitalist system by maintaining class inequalities and perpetuating the labour force. - Marxists view the family as a mechanism that reinforces social class divisions and economic disparities. 2. Critiques of the Marxist Perspective - Critics point out that Marxists often ignore the positive aspects of family life and the satisfaction many individuals derive from it. - The traditional nuclear family model used by Marxists does not reflect the diversity of contemporary family structures. - Feminists argue that Marxists fail to address the role of patriarchy in family dynamics, suggesting that female oppression is not solely a capitalist issue.

Answer 33

- Functionalists view the family as a positive institution that meets societal needs, while Marxists see it as a tool for perpetuating capitalism and class inequality. - Functionalism emphasises stability and social order, whereas Marxism focuses on conflict and economic power dynamics. - The functionalist perspective tends to idealise the nuclear family, while the Marxist perspective critiques it for its role in capitalism.

Answer 34

- Feminist perspectives critique the family structure, viewing it as a site of gender inequality. - Families are seen as perpetuating traditional gender roles, which negatively impact women's lives. - The family is viewed as a microcosm of patriarchal society, reinforcing male dominance and female subordination.

Answer 35

- Feminists argue that many gender differences are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. - Primary socialisation within families plays a crucial role in shaping gender identities and expectations. - Canalisation is a key concept, where children are directed towards gender-appropriate toys and activities.

Answer 36

- Children learn gender roles through observation and imitation of parental behaviors. - Examples include girls observing mothers in domestic roles and boys engaging in outdoor or mechanical tasks with fathers. - This socialisation process contributes to the reproduction of gender inequalities over generations.

Answer 37

- Delphy and Leonard focus on the unpaid labour of women in domestic settings, defining housework as essential yet undervalued work. - They argue that housework includes visible tasks (cleaning, cooking) and less visible tasks (planning holidays, managing schedules). - The economic exploitation of women is highlighted, where their labour benefits men without financial compensation.

Answer 38

- Delphy and Leonard describe the family as a hierarchical structure with men at the top, controlling resources and labour. - Women's financial dependence on men is a critical aspect of their analysis, leading to a lack of autonomy. - They argue that this patriarchal structure maintains societal inequalities and reinforces male dominance.

Answer 39

-Critics argue that feminist theories may overlook families where power dynamics are more egalitarian. - Some feminists, like Delphy and Leonard, focus primarily on patriarchy, neglecting the role of capitalism in family dynamics. - Marxist perspectives suggest that economic factors, rather than solely patriarchal structures, contribute to family inequalities.

Answer 40

- Functionalists view families as beneficial for individuals and society, contrasting with feminist critiques. - Marxist theories link family inequalities to capitalism, suggesting that economic structures shape family roles. - Feminist perspectives emphasise the need to address gender inequalities within the family context.

Answer 41

Conjugal Roles in the Past - Conjugal roles refer to the division of domestic responsibilities between partners in a household. - Elizabeth Bott identified segregated and joint conjugal roles, highlighting the division of labour based on gender. - Segregated roles involve distinct male and female tasks, with limited shared leisure time between partners. Changes in Conjugal Relationships - Historical analysis shows a shift from traditional segregated roles to more joint roles in modern families. - Factors influencing this change include economic shifts, women's increased participation in the workforce, and changing societal norms. - The evolution of conjugal roles reflects broader changes in gender relations and family dynamics.

Answer 42

- Bott's research in the 1950s focused on family dynamics through qualitative interviews with 20 London families, emphasising the lack of generalisation due to non-representative sampling. - The study highlighted the importance of understanding family roles without imposing broad conclusions, allowing for a nuanced view of family structures. - Bott's work serves as a foundational study in family sociology, illustrating the complexity of family interactions and roles.

Answer 43

- Segregated conjugal roles are characterised by a clear division of labour based on gender, with men and women performing distinct tasks. - Joint conjugal roles involve shared responsibilities, where both partners contribute to household tasks, leading to more equality in relationships. - The transition from segregated to joint roles has been influenced by social changes, including the rise of feminism and shifts in economic structures

Answer 44

- Young and Willmott (1973) introduced the concept of the symmetrical family, where roles are less segregated and more equal than in the past. - In a symmetrical family, both partners contribute similarly to home life, although they may perform different tasks, fostering a sense of partnership. - The rise of technology and changing leisure activities have contributed to families becoming more home-centred, with couples spending more time together.

Answer 45

- Functionalist perspective, particularly Parsons (1956), links family roles to biological differences, assigning men as breadwinners and women as caregivers. - Critics, especially from feminist perspectives, argue that Parsons' view reinforces traditional gender roles and overlooks the impact of social change. - The principle of stratified diffusion explains how family roles evolve over time, influenced by broader societal changes and movements.

Answer 46

- The term 'symmetrical family' refers to a family structure where there is greater equality between spouses in terms of roles and responsibilities. - This concept was popularized by sociologists Young and Willmott in 1973, who argued that such families were becoming typical in Britain. - Characteristics of symmetrical families include shared household responsibilities and decision-making between partners. - The rise of the symmetrical family is linked to broader social changes, including feminism and shifts in gender roles. - The concept challenges traditional views of family dynamics, where roles were often strictly divided along gender lines.

Answer 47

- Young and Willmott conducted research in the 1970s to examine changes in family life since the 19th century, focusing on the principle of stratified diffusion. - They proposed that social changes, including family dynamics, often start at the top of the social class system and filter downwards to lower classes. - Their findings suggested that as middle-class families adopted more egalitarian roles, these changes influenced working-class families over time. - They linked the emergence of symmetrical families to increased female participation in the workforce and advancements in contraception, allowing women more control over family planning. - Young and Willmott's work highlighted the importance of social context in understanding family structures.

Answer 48

- The principle of stratified diffusion posits that social changes begin in higher social classes and gradually influence lower classes. - This principle can be observed in various aspects of society, including family life, where middle-class values and practices eventually reach the working class. - Young and Willmott's research illustrated this principle by showing how changes in family roles and responsibilities spread across social strata. - The concept emphasises the interconnectedness of social classes and the flow of cultural norms and practices. - Stratified diffusion helps explain the gradual evolution of family structures in response to broader societal changes.

Answer 49

- Increased access to effective contraception has empowered women to make informed choices about motherhood, leading to smaller family sizes and delayed childbearing. - The rise of dual-income households has changed traditional gender roles, with both partners often contributing financially and sharing domestic responsibilities. - Technological advancements have facilitated home-based leisure activities, allowing families to spend more time together at home. - Changing attitudes towards gender roles have led to a reevaluation of what constitutes a 'good' husband or wife, with more emphasis on shared responsibilities. - The increased interest in home life, including DIY projects and home improvements, reflects a shift in how families engage with their living spaces.

Answer 50

- Feminist scholars, such as Ann Oakley, critique the notion of the symmetrical family, arguing that it oversimplifies the complexities of gender roles in domestic settings. - Oakley's research indicates that even in dual-earner households, women often bear the brunt of household chores and childcare responsibilities. - Critics argue that Young and Willmott's definition of 'helpful' behaviour, such as a husband washing dishes once a week, is inadequate and does not reflect true equality. - The concept of the 'double shift' describes the phenomenon where women engage in paid work while also managing the majority of household tasks. - Scott and Clery (2013) highlight that despite increased participation in the labour market, women still face significant

Answer 51

- Gender inequalities in domestic labour can hinder women's professional advancement, as they often juggle both work and home responsibilities. - The BSA survey data shows discrepancies in self-reported hours spent on housework between men and women, indicating a perception gap in domestic labour. - The concept of the 'new man' suggests a shift towards more involved fatherhood, yet evidence shows that traditional roles persist in many households. - The persistence of traditional gender roles in domestic settings raises questions about the authenticity of the symmetrical family model. - Evaluating the idea of the symmetrical family requires a critical examination of both reported attitudes and actual behaviours in households.

Answer 52

- Historical attitudes towards gender roles have evolved significantly from the late 20th century to the present, with notable shifts in public opinion. - The British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey provides valuable insights into changing perceptions of male and female roles in the workplace and home. - In 1989, a significant percentage of respondents believed in traditional gender roles, but these views have gradually shifted over the years. - The survey data indicates a decrease in the belief that a man's job is to earn money while a woman's role is to manage the home, reflecting changing societal norms. - The evolution of gender roles is influenced by various factors, including economic changes, feminist movements, and increased educational opportunities for women.

Answer 53

- The BSA survey data from 1989 to 2012 shows a marked decrease in traditional views regarding gender roles, indicating a shift towards more egalitarian perspectives. - For example, the percentage of people agreeing that 'a man's job is to earn money' decreased from 31% in 1989 to 13% in 2012. - Similarly, the belief that 'a job is all right, but what most women really want is a home and children' also saw a decline, reflecting changing aspirations among women. - The data suggests that while attitudes have changed, actual behaviours in households may not have shifted as dramatically, highlighting a potential gap between belief and practice. - Understanding these trends is crucial for analysing the dynamics of modern family life and the ongoing challenges related to gender equality.

Answer 54

- In 2012, women reported spending an average of 10.4 hours per week on housework, while men reported 8.3 hours. - The disparity in reported hours suggests a potential underreporting by men regarding their contributions to housework. - The data highlights traditional gender roles where women are often expected to take on the majority of domestic responsibilities. - Case studies indicate that societal expectations and norms influence how men and women perceive their roles in household chores. - Historical context shows that the division of labour in households has evolved, yet significant gaps remain in equitable sharing of tasks.

Answer 55

- The 'new man' is characterised as a caring and involved partner, actively participating in housework and childcare. - Despite the emergence of this concept since the 1990s, studies suggest that traditional roles persist, particularly in chores like ironing and cleaning. - Charter (2007) argues that the ideal of the 'new man' often does not translate into reality, especially during demanding tasks. - Discussion points include societal pressures, upbringing, and the impact of traditional gender roles on men's participation in domestic work. - The concept raises questions about whether societal change is sufficient to alter ingrained behaviours.

Answer 56

- Caroline Gatrell (2008) found that many fathers today are more involved in their children's lives compared to previous generations. - Some fathers aim to break the cycle of non-involvement they experienced in their own childhoods, seeking to be more present. - This increased involvement can lead to tensions in relationships, as some women may feel their traditional roles are threatened. - The notion of 'cherry-picking' tasks by fathers, where they prefer engaging activities over mundane chores, is a point of contention. - The changing dynamics challenge the traditional family structure and raise questions about equality in parenting.

Answer 57

- The desire for equal parenting roles can lead to conflicts, particularly if one partner feels overburdened with domestic tasks. - Some women may resist the idea of equal parenting if it does not come with an equal share of household responsibilities. - The discussion around these tensions highlights the need for open communication and negotiation in relationships. - Sociological perspectives suggest that these tensions reflect broader societal changes and the struggle for gender equality. - The evolving role of fathers is a significant area of study in understanding modern family dynamics.

Answer 58

- Sociologists examine who holds power in family relationships, particularly through decision-making processes. - Young and Willmott (1973) identified a trend towards shared financial decision-making in families, suggesting a move towards equality. - Feminist theorists like Delphy and Leonard (1992) argue that families remain patriarchal, with men often dominating financial decisions. - Jan Pahl's (1989) study indicates that while some couples share financial decisions, many still see men as the primary decision-makers. - The implications of financial control can lead to significant disparities in power and access to resources within families.

Answer 59

- Domestic violence is a critical area of concern, representing a form of power and control within family dynamics. - It encompasses various forms of abuse, including physical, psychological, and emotional, affecting all family members. - Clarke (1997) notes that domestic violence can occur across genders, though women are statistically more likely to be victims. - The underreporting of domestic violence complicates the understanding of its prevalence and impact on families. - Critics of functionalism argue that domestic violence highlights the failure of families to provide safe environments for all members.

Answer 60

- Feminists challenge the notion of symmetrical family roles, arguing that traditional gender roles persist despite societal changes. - They highlight that while some fathers are more involved, this does not equate to equality in household responsibilities. - The feminist perspective emphasises the need for continued advocacy for gender equality in domestic settings. - Sociological research indicates that attitudes towards gender roles are shifting, but significant barriers remain. - The debate continues on whether the concept of the symmetrical family is a reality or a myth.

Answer 61

- Understanding power distribution in relationships involves analysing financial decision-making and domestic responsibilities. - Sociologists focus on how power dynamics affect family life and individual well-being. - The examination of domestic violence reveals the darker side of power imbalances within families. - Sociological studies provide insights into how societal norms shape individual behaviours and expectations in family roles. - The ongoing discourse on gender roles and power dynamics is crucial for understanding contemporary family structures.

Answer 62

- Ann Oakley defines conventional families as nuclear families composed of legally married couples who voluntarily choose parenthood, typically with one or more children. - Conventional families are characterised by distinct roles based on age, occupation, and gender, with traditional expectations for men and women. - The conventional family structure is often viewed as a powerful societal ideal, despite statistical evidence showing it is no longer the norm. - Oakley highlights that conventional families often perpetuate traditional gender roles, where women are expected to manage the home and men are the primary breadwinners. - The concept of conventional families includes the idea that larger families fall into a different category, which can affect societal perceptions and expectations. - Oakley notes that while some families may not conform fully to this pattern, such as men participating in domestic tasks, the conventional model remains influential.

Answer 63

- Oakley argues that conventional families create a dependency dynamic, where women rely on men's wages, reinforcing male economic power. - The economic power of men increases when children are young, as mothers often take on full-time care giving roles, limiting their income and independence. - Women in conventional families frequently occupy low-paid, part-time jobs, which contributes to financial inequality within the household. - The traditional view of gender roles is more prevalent among working-class couples compared to middle-class couples, indicating social class influences perceptions of family roles. - Oakley suggests that despite more married women entering the workforce, significant changes in male domestic roles have not occurred due to persistent sex role ideology. - The stress associated with conventional family life can lead to health issues for both men and women, highlighting the strains beneath the surface of this family structure.

Answer 64

- Oakley observes that some educated middle-class groups are exploring alternative family structures, such as dual-worker and lone-parent families. - The persistence of conventional family norms across generations contributes to the self-perpetuation of traditional family patterns. - While there is evidence of changing family dynamics, not all social groups are experiencing these changes equally, indicating a divide in societal evolution. - The exploration of non-conventional family structures reflects broader societal shifts, yet many still adhere to traditional roles and expectations. - Oakley emphasises the importance of understanding these dynamics to address issues of inequality and stress within family life. - The discussion of conventional families raises questions about the balance of power and equality in modern relationships.

Answer 65

- Fertility refers to the average number of children born to women of child-bearing age, typically defined as ages 15-44. - There has been a significant decline in fertility rates in the UK over the past few decades, with women now having fewer children than in previous generations. - The average number of children per woman peaked in 1935 at 2.42, coinciding with the post-war baby boom, but has since decreased. - Women born in 1967 had an average of 1.91 children, indicating a shift towards smaller family sizes in contemporary society. - The trend towards smaller families is accompanied by a delay in childbirth, with the average age of mothers increasing over the years. - In 1970, the average age of mothers at childbirth was 26.7 years, rising to 30.2 years by 2014, reflecting changing societal norms and economic factors.

Answer 66

- The decline in fertility rates can have significant implications for social policy, economic planning, and family support systems. - Smaller family sizes may lead to increased focus on individualism and personal fulfilment, impacting traditional family structures. - The trend of having children later in life can affect women's health, career trajectories, and family dynamics. - Changes in fertility rates may also influence educational and employment opportunities for women, as they balance career and family planning. - Understanding these trends is crucial for sociologists and policymakers to address the needs of evolving family structures and support systems. - The data on fertility rates can inform discussions about gender roles, economic stability, and societal expectations surrounding family life.

Answer 67

- The average age of mothers at childbirth has increased from 26.7 years in 1970 to 30.2 years in 2014. - The 'baby boom' of the 1960s was a significant period of increased fertility, influenced by post-war economic stability and social norms favouring larger families. - Economic factors and societal changes have contributed to the decline in fertility rates since the 1970s.

Answer 68

- Economic conditions significantly influence family planning decisions; during the 19th century, larger families were common among poorer families for economic support. - The introduction of factory legislation and changes in education reduced children's contributions to family income, leading to smaller family sizes. - The cost of raising children in the UK is substantial, with estimates of around £3,760 per year for essentials per child.

Answer 69

- The rise of effective birth control methods, such as the contraceptive pill, has empowered women to control their reproductive choices. - Legal access to abortion has also provided women with the option to decide whether to continue a pregnancy, impacting fertility rates. - Changing societal norms regarding marriage and motherhood have led to women delaying childbirth.

Answer 70

- Increased participation of women in higher education and the workforce has shifted priorities away from traditional roles centred on motherhood. - Feminism has played a crucial role in redefining women's roles, allowing for greater career opportunities and personal choices. - The trend of later marriages correlates with women's educational and career advancements, leading to delayed childbearing.

Answer 71

- Young and Willmott's studies in the 1950s and 1970s highlighted the transition from extended to nuclear family structures in London. - Their research indicated that in the mid-1950s, extended families were common, with strong ties and frequent interactions among family members. - By the 1970s, geographical mobility and women's employment led to a weakening of these ties, with families becoming more nuclear.

Answer 72

-Recent studies, such as those by Charles et al. (2008), suggest that while family structures may have changed, kinship ties remain significant, especially between mothers and daughters. - The role of technology and social media may also influence family interactions, allowing for connections despite geographical distances. - The perception of family importance varies, with some viewing the nuclear family as central while others emphasise the ongoing relevance of extended family relationships.

Answer 73

- As societal norms continue to evolve, the definition of family may expand to include diverse structures beyond the conventional model. - Ongoing economic challenges may further influence fertility rates and family planning decisions. - The impact of global events, such as pandemics or economic recessions, may also reshape family dynamics and fertility trends.

Answer 74

- Increasing geographical mobility has led to family members seeing each other less frequently, potentially weakening family ties. - Women's full-time employment has contributed to changes in family dynamics, as they may have less time for family interactions. - Charles et al. (2008b) conducted a study in Swansea showing that mothers and daughters remain central to kinship relationships despite mobility. - High rates of face-to-face contact were observed, with grandmothers often caring for grandchildren, allowing younger women to return to work. - Adult children, especially women, are increasingly involved in caring for their ageing parents, indicating ongoing family support. - The study found that while geographical distance affects support types, it does not eliminate family support altogether.

Answer 75

- Grandparents play a significant role in childcare, which supports younger generations in balancing work and family life. - Adult children often assist their parents with home improvements, showcasing interdependence within families. - In 2002, over two-thirds of married children lived close enough to their parents to maintain weekly contact, indicating strong ties despite mobility. - The frequency of contact between siblings has decreased, suggesting a shift in sibling relationships over time. - Financial support from middle-aged parents to their children and grandchildren is common, especially during significant life events like home purchases. - The ability to provide financial support is often contingent on the family's economic status, highlighting disparities in family dynamics.

Answer 76

- Life expectancy in the UK has significantly increased, from around 33 years for men in the 5th century to 79.3 years in 2014. - Factors contributing to increased life expectancy include advancements in healthcare, nutrition, and overall living conditions. - An ageing population leads to more families with three or more generations, creating complex family dynamics. - Beanpole families, characterised by fewer children but multiple generations, are becoming more common, placing pressure on women in the sandwich generation. - The sandwich generation refers to individuals who care for both their children and elderly parents, often leading to increased stress and responsibility. - The role of grandmothers in the sandwich generation is crucial, as they often provide childcare while also caring for their own parents.

Answer 77

- In the 19th century, children's experiences varied significantly based on age, gender, and social class, with middle-class children often cared for by nannies. - Working-class children, particularly boys, were expected to contribute to family income from a young age, often working in factories. - Census data from 1841 indicated a higher employment rate for boys aged 10-14 compared to girls, reflecting societal norms of the time. - Many working-class parents viewed education as a barrier to their children's employment, leading to early entry into the workforce. - The reliance on children's income was common among poorer families, impacting their educational opportunities. - The historical context highlights the evolution of family roles and expectations over time.

Answer 78

- Some sociologists argue that modern parent-child relationships are becoming less authoritarian, allowing for more open communication. - Changes in societal norms and values have led to a shift in how parents interact with their children, emphasising mutual respect. - The role of technology and social media has transformed communication patterns within families, facilitating more frequent contact. - Contemporary families may prioritise emotional support and understanding over traditional authority structures. - The impact of economic factors, such as housing affordability, influences family dynamics and living arrangements. - Overall, the evolution of parent-child relationships reflects broader societal changes and challenges.

Answer 79

- In the early 20th century, many working-class parents viewed education as a barrier to their children's employment opportunities. - Children were often sent to work at a young age to contribute financially to the family. - This perspective was rooted in economic necessity, as families relied on the income generated by their children. - The Education Act of 1918 mandated school attendance until age 14, marking a shift in societal views on childhood and education. - Young and Willmott argue that this legislation helped to officially recognise childhood as a distinct stage in life.

Answer 80

- Sociologists note a trend towards less authoritarian parenting, with a focus on individual freedom and child rights. - Parents are increasingly seen as partners in decision-making, valuing children's opinions and contributions. - The emotional closeness between parents and children has increased, fostering warmer relationships. - Smaller family sizes allow for more individual attention to each child, enhancing parent-child bonds. - Despite these positive changes, many parents face challenges due to financial pressures, leading to less time spent with children.

Answer 81

- There is a growing recognition of children's rights within families, allowing them to participate in decisions affecting their lives. - Children are often involved in discussions about family matters, such as moving or schooling. - Sociologists like Pryor and Trinder highlight class differences, with middle-class families more likely to engage in democratic parenting. - Children contribute to family life through childcare, household tasks, and emotional support, challenging the notion of them as mere dependants. - The role of immigrant children as translators for their parents exemplifies their contributions to family dynamics.

Answer 82

- Family structures in Britain have diversified, including nuclear, lone-parent, and reconstituted families. - Since the mid-1970s, there has been a notable decline in the proportion of children living in married couple families. - The rise of dual-worker families reflects changing economic conditions and societal norms regarding gender roles. - Reconstituted families often arise from remarriage or cohabitation, with children typically remaining with their biological mother. - The statistics indicate a shift in family dynamics, with more children living in cohabiting and lone-parent families.

Answer 83

- The table shows a decline in children living in married couple families from 2005 to 2015, while cohabiting families increased. - The data suggests a growing acceptance of diverse family structures in contemporary society.

Answer 84

- In 2013, 72% of married or cohabiting mothers with dependent children were in paid employment, indicating a significant shift in family dynamics. - The increase in dual-worker families has implications for child-rearing practices and family responsibilities. - Discussions around the appropriateness of working mothers highlight societal attitudes towards gender roles and parenting. - The trend towards older parents having children may contribute to more stable family environments, reducing the likelihood of children becoming step-children. - The concept of 'living apart together' relationships complicates traditional definitions of family structures.

Answer 85

- The rise of dual-worker families raises questions about the impact on child development and family dynamics. - Research is needed to understand how working mothers affect children's emotional and social well-being. - The balance between work and family life remains a critical issue for many parents, influencing their parenting styles. - The changing economic landscape necessitates a reevaluation of traditional family roles and responsibilities. - Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing supportive policies for families in modern society.

Answer 86

- Divorce affects all family members, including children, parents, and extended family, leading to emotional and social consequences. - Children often live with their mother post-divorce, which can result in diminished contact with their father, affecting their emotional well-being. - Extended family members, such as grandparents, may also experience reduced contact with grandchildren, impacting family dynamics. - The emotional distress experienced during and after divorce can lead to changes in social networks, particularly for men who may lose support systems. - The rise in lone-parent families and reconstituted families reflects the changing landscape of family structures due to divorce.

Answer 87

- Rising divorce rates have led to an increase in reconstituted families, where children may have full, half, and step-siblings. - Full siblings share both biological parents, while half-siblings share one, and step-siblings are related through marriage rather than blood. - Adjusting to new family dynamics can be challenging for children and parents, as expectations of behaviour may differ. - Reconstituted families can provide additional emotional support, but they may also introduce complexities in relationships and expectations. - The structure of families continues to evolve, with more one-person households emerging as a result of divorce.

Answer 88

- Emotional distress is common before, during, and after divorce, often exacerbated by changes in social networks. - Men may experience a greater loss of emotional support due to changes in friendships and kinship ties post-divorce. - Women typically maintain stronger support networks, which can help mitigate emotional distress. - Ongoing conflict between ex-spouses can affect children's relationships with their parents, particularly if they live with one parent. - Organisations like Fathers4Justice advocate for fathers' rights, highlighting the lack of legal protections for fathers post-divorce.

Answer 89

- Divorce often leads to significant financial changes, including loss of income and increased risk of poverty for single-parent families. - The division of assets can create financial strain, particularly for lone parents with dependent children. - Single parents may struggle to balance work and home life, leading to additional stress and challenges. - Financial instability can have long-term effects on children's well-being and opportunities. - The economic impact of divorce underscores the need for supportive policies for single-parent families.

Answer 90

- Remarriage rates have declined in recent years, with only 15% of marriages in 2013 being remarriages for both partners, down from 19% in 2000. - Many individuals view divorce as a rejection of a specific partner rather than the institution of marriage itself. - The desire for companionship and support in raising children often motivates divorced individuals to remarry. - Despite changing societal norms, marriage remains a valued institution for many, reflecting ongoing cultural expectations. - The decline in remarriage may indicate shifting attitudes towards relationships and family structures.

Answer 91

- Arranged Marriage: A marriage in which the families of the couple play a significant role in selecting the partners, but the individuals have the right to accept or reject the arrangement. - Forced Marriage: A marriage in which one or both parties are coerced into the union without their consent, often violating their human rights. - Cultural Context: In many cultures, arranged marriages are seen as a way to strengthen family ties and ensure compatibility, while forced marriages are condemned globally.

Answer 92

- Definition: Young carers are children and teenagers who provide unpaid care to family members with disabilities or chronic illnesses. - Census Data: According to the 2011 census, over 177,900 young carers aged 5 to 17 were identified in England and Wales, with a significant number being girls. - Hidden Population: Many young carers may not be officially recognised due to family loyalty or lack of awareness about available support.

Answer 93

- Control and Socialisation: Concerns exist regarding parents' ability to control their teenage children and adequately socialise them into societal norms. - Delinquency: Some theories suggest that delinquent behaviour in teenagers may stem from inadequate parenting and lack of guidance. - Teenage Parenthood: The phenomenon of teenage parents raises additional concerns about the socialisation of their children.

Answer 94

- Health and Independence: Older adults today are generally healthier and more active than previous generations, often challenging stereotypes of frailty and dependency. - Diversity in Ageing: Research by Ginn and Arber (1992) highlights how social class, gender, and ethnicity affect older individuals' resources and independence. - Family Dynamics: Many older adults provide care for their spouses or family members, complicating the narrative of ageing as solely a time of receiving care.

Answer 95

- Polygamy is defined as a marriage that includes more than two partners, which can be either polygyny or polyandry. - Polygyny: A form of polygamy where a man has multiple wives. - Historically accepted in various cultures, including the 19th-century Mormon community in Utah, where Brigham Young had 27 wives. - Polyandry: A less common form where a woman has multiple husbands, practised in some rural areas of Tibet despite being illegal today. - Polygamy is illegal in the UK, but it is accepted in many other cultures, highlighting the diversity of marital practices globally. - The practice of polygamy raises questions about gender roles and societal norms, particularly in cultures where it is prevalent.

Answer 96

- Monogamy: The most common form of marriage in the UK, where one person is married to one partner at a time. - Serial Monogamy: A pattern where individuals have multiple monogamous relationships over time, often following divorce or separation. - The functionalist perspective views serial monogamy as a way to fulfil emotional and social needs, while feminists may critique it for perpetuating gender inequalities. - Cultural variations in marriage practices can lead to differing societal expectations and norms regarding relationships.

Answer 97

- Advantages: Arranged marriages can lead to stable partnerships, as families often consider compatibility and social standing. - Disadvantages: They may limit personal choice and romantic love, leading to potential dissatisfaction in the relationship. - Social factors such as family support and community acceptance can play a significant role in the success of arranged marriages. - Economic factors, including financial stability and social status, are often prioritised in arranged marriages, impacting individual autonomy.

Answer 98

- The number of marriages in the UK has declined since peaking in 1972, with only 286,600 marriages recorded in 2011. - People are marrying later in life, influenced by increased educational and employment opportunities, particularly for women. - Changing attitudes towards premarital sex have contributed to the rise in cohabitation and the acceptance of living together without marriage. - Official statistics indicate a significant increase in cohabitation, with many couples choosing to live together before or instead of marrying.

Answer 99

- The Civil Partnership Act of 2005 allowed same-sex couples to have their relationships legally recognised, leading to a rise in civil partnerships. - The introduction of same-sex marriage in March 2014 resulted in a significant decrease in civil partnerships, as couples opted for marriage instead. - The legal recognition of same-sex relationships reflects changing societal attitudes towards marriage and family structures. - The impact of these changes on traditional marriage patterns continues to be a subject of sociological interest and research.

Answer 100

- The proportion of cohabiting couples in Britain has doubled over the last 20 years, indicating a significant shift in relationship dynamics. - Cohabiting couples with children are generally younger than their married counterparts, reflecting changing societal norms around family formation. - In 2001, cohabiting families were predominantly found among White or mixed ethnic groups, suggesting demographic influences on cohabitation rates.

Answer 101

- Many individuals cohabit without the expectation of a long-term commitment, viewing it as a trial phase before marriage. - Cohabitation can serve as a practical solution during economic downturns, allowing couples to save for a wedding while living together. - The rising costs associated with weddings and housing deposits have deterred many from pursuing marriage, making cohabitation a more appealing option.

Answer 102

- The shift in social attitudes towards premarital sex since the mid-1960s has contributed to the normalisation of cohabitation. - Before the 1960s, sexual activity outside of marriage was largely stigmatised, but this has changed significantly over the decades. - Cohabitation is now often viewed as a legitimate alternative to marriage, reflecting broader societal changes in views on relationships.

Answer 103

- The 1960s and 1970s saw a rise in births outside of marriage, with 25.2% of all births in the UK occurring outside marriage by 1988, increasing to 43.7% by 2006. - This trend marks a significant departure from the 1950s, when non-marital births were heavily stigmatised and often associated with social disapproval. - The language surrounding non-marital births has evolved, with terms like 'shotgun wedding' becoming less common, indicating a shift in societal perceptions.

Answer 104

- A significant portion of births outside marriage now occur within cohabiting relationships, with one in ten babies born to unmarried parents living together in 1986, rising to one in three by 2014. - This trend highlights the changing dynamics of family structures, where cohabitation is increasingly linked to child-rearing. - The acceptance of cohabitation as a family structure has contributed to the rise in non-marital births, reflecting changing societal norms.

Answer 105

- The Divorce Reform Act of 1969 allowed individuals to petition for divorce on the grounds of 'irretrievable breakdown', simplifying the process. - Legislation in 1984 reduced the waiting period for divorce from three years to one, making it easier for couples to separate. - Changes in legal aid funding in 2013 have affected access to divorce, highlighting the ongoing evolution of divorce laws in response to societal needs.

Answer 106

- The 1960s marked a shift towards more liberal attitudes regarding divorce, reducing the stigma associated with it. - Celebrity divorces and public figures openly discussing their separations have contributed to the normalisation of divorce in society. - Secularisation has weakened the religious barriers to divorce, as fewer individuals view marriage as a sacred institution requiring lifelong commitment.

Answer 107

- The economic independence of women has increased, allowing them to leave unsatisfactory marriages without the fear of financial instability. - Women are now more likely to participate in the labour market, reducing their economic dependence on their spouses. - Welfare benefits provide additional support for single mothers, making divorce a more viable option for women.

Answer 108

- Media portrayals of relationships often emphasise romantic love and mutual attraction, leading to heightened expectations of marriage. - When real-life marriages do not meet these expectations, dissatisfaction can lead to higher divorce rates. - The influence of popular culture on relationship ideals can create unrealistic standards that many couples struggle to achieve.

Answer 109

- Families serve multiple functions in society, including socialisation, emotional support, and economic stability. - Functionalism views the family as a vital institution that contributes to social order and stability. - Feminist perspectives critique the traditional family structure for perpetuating gender inequalities. - Marxist theories argue that families serve the interests of capitalism by reproducing labour and social inequalities. -The family is seen as a unit of consumption, influencing economic behaviours and societal norms.

Answer 110

- Functionalism: Emphasises the role of families in maintaining social order and stability through socialisation and emotional support. - Feminism: Critiques the patriarchal structure of families, highlighting how they reinforce gender roles and inequalities. - Marxism: Argues that families perpetuate class inequalities and serve the interests of capitalism by reproducing the workforce.

Answer 111

- Feminist critiques focus on the family as a site of oppression for women, emphasising the need for gender equality. - Marxist critiques highlight how families contribute to the maintenance of class structures and economic disparities. - Sociologists like Zaretsky and Delphy & Leonard provide insights into how families exploit labour and reinforce social inequalities.

Answer 112

- Various methods are used to study families, including surveys, interviews, and observational studies. - The British Social Attitudes (BSA) survey is a prominent example, utilising structured interviews to gather data on family dynamics. - Qualitative methods, such as interviews, provide in-depth insights but may lack generalisability.

Answer 113

- Delphy and Leonard: Used qualitative methods to explore exploitation within families, focusing on gender roles and labour. - Young and Willmott: Conducted a mixed-methods study to trace family development, combining historical research with surveys and time budget studies.

Answer 114

- Surveys like the BSA provide representative data but may oversimplify complex family dynamics. - Face-to-face interviews can yield rich qualitative data but may introduce bias or affect participant responses. - Time budget studies offer quantitative insights into family roles but may overlook the qualitative aspects of family life.

Answer 115

- The ageing population impacts family structures, leading to increased care giving roles for younger generations. - Global recession affects economic stability, influencing marriage rates and family planning decisions. - Changing norms and secularisation contribute to diverse family forms and redefine traditional roles.

Answer 116

- Social Class Diversity: Different social classes experience varying family dynamics and access to resources. - Cultural Diversity: Families from different cultural backgrounds exhibit unique practices and values. - Life-Course Diversity: Family structures evolve over time, influenced by life stages and transitions.

Family Flashcards

(140 cards)