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Geography GCSE > Farming and Industry > Flashcards

Farming and Industry Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the sectors of industry?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

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2
Q

Describe the primary sector

A

working with or the extraction of natural resources

eg. farming, mining or forestry

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3
Q

Describe the secondary sector

A

making things either by manufacturing or construction

eg. Nissan Car manufacturing

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4
Q

Describe the tertiary sector

A

provides services, including commercial, professional, social, entertainment and personal
eg. shops, solicitors, school teachers, restaurants, hair dressers

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5
Q

Describe the quaternary sector

A

new sector linked with ICT and research development

eg. genetics researcher

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6
Q

Suggest the proportion of an LEDCs population in the sectors of industry

A

> high % in primary - relying on subsistent farming or other subsistent jobs
low % in secondary and above - lack of money to support services, lack of education

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7
Q

Suggest the proportion of an NICs population in the sectors of industry

A

> similar to LEDC but increasing % in secondary - more natural resources manufactured, more money (chain reaction)

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8
Q

Suggest the proportion of an MEDCs population in the sectors of industry

A

> low % in primary due to mechanism and importing
% may decrease in secondary - these jobs are cheaper and more efficient to do abroad, can import products as they have more money (foreign competition)
high % in tertiary - more education and funding, higher skill level, produces more money (reason is MEDC)

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9
Q

What is the definition of intensive farming?

A

putting many inputs (money, labour, chemicals) to get the maximum outputs
eg. rice paddies Ganges Valley

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10
Q

What is the definition of extensive farming?

A

low levels of inputs into the land available to get low levels of outputs
eg. sheep farming

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11
Q

What is the definition of arable farming?

A

farming of crops (arable and pastoral is MIXED farming)

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12
Q

What is the definition of pastoral farming?

A

rearing and care of animals (arable and pastoral is MIXED farming)

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13
Q

What is the definition of commercial farming?

A

grow crops/animals to sell in order to gain profit

  • mostly MEDCs
  • LEDCs for ‘cash crops’ (tobacco, cotton)
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14
Q

What is the definition of subsistent farming?

A

main objective/purpose is to grow food in order to support themselves

  • mainly LEDCs
  • MEDCs for ‘crofting’ in Scotland
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15
Q

What is the definition of organic farming?

A

farming without the use of artificial chemicals to grow crops/rear animals

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16
Q

What is the definition of sedentary farming?

A

farming that stays in the same place

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17
Q

What is the definition of nomadic farming?

A

farming that moves around

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18
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire MEDC

What style of farming is this?

A

commercial, intensive, arable and sedentary

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19
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

How has the farm diversified?

A

> invested in tourism (hut. pier, water-area, fishing)
other crops for ‘pick-your-own’ (strawberries, raspberries)
other crops (rapeseed and linseed)

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20
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

Physical factors influencing this style of farming:

A

> flat land and lost of space (127 hectares) - allows intensive (for machinery)
warm temperatures - dries sandy soil so grass cannot grow well enough to feed cattle/sheep
rainfall each month and temperatures most of the year above growing season temperature - good conditions for crops

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21
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

Human factors influencing this style of farming:

A

> EU would give grants and subsidies if they met EU production targets but they could produce what they wanted
farmer prefers arable farming
other payments given for conservation of wildlife
markets

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22
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

Inputs

A 
flat land
warm temperature
labour
subsidies
machines  etc
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23
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

Processes

A 
ploughing
planting
fertilising
pest control
weeding 
harvesting
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24
Q

Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire, MEDC

Outputs

A 
cereals 
fruit
crop waste
linseed
oil-seed rape
peas
sprouts
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25
Brazil, Amazon, Erigbaagtsa tribe, LEDC | What style of farming is this?
subsistent, arable, intensive, nomadic
26
Brazil, Amazon, Erigbaagtsa tribe, LEDC | Describe the process of this type of farming
1) cut down vegetation and burn the logs - soil gets fertilises by the nutrients in the ash 2) crops grow quickly (4-6 months) 3) they abandon the clearing after 2-3 years, soil's fertility decreased 4) they will try to not return there for another 50 years
27
Brazil, Amazon, Erigbaagtsa tribe, LEDC | Inputs
relief, temperature, rain, soil (natural fertilisation) labour, buildings seeds
28
Brazil, Amazon, Erigbaagtsa tribe, LEDC | processes
ploughing, planting, weeding, harvesting
29
Brazil, Amazon, Erigbaagtsa tribe, LEDC | outputs
``` cereals (rice, maize, cassava) vegetables crop waste animals (pigs chicken) manure ```
30
Food shortages in Sudan | physical causes
drought, lack of rain and water | desert plains
31
Food shortages in Sudan | agricultural causes
difficult to farm in drought | crops can get disease
32
Food shortages in Sudan | social causes
cholera and malaria
33
Food shortages in Sudan | economic/political causes
civil war between government and rebels people don't feel safe to leave their homes to farm fuel shortages, lack of transport
34
Food shortages in Sudan | responses
> over 1,000,000 animals vaccinated | > almost $30 million donated by 2016
35
Food shortages in Sudan | consequences
> increased food prices > death > higher IMR > stimilus for change - politically, tech, economically > aid dependency > security issues/disorder > impact on economy and productivity (development)
36
What is the definition of formal employment?
>employed and receives wage/salary > set hours > tax > usually contract (paid leave, pension, maternity leave)
37
What is the definition of informal employment?
``` > self-employed > no set wage, hours or premises > no tax > no contracts > no age restriction > children normally work instead of attending school ```
38
What are the benefits of the informal sector?
``` > low skill required > affordable , no rent , no premises but 'little capital outlay' > more disposable income > flexible > no legal age restrictions > no tax ```
39
What are the problems with the informal sector?
> no fixed wages - no holiday/sick pay, unreliable > no Trade Union protection > no tax, gvm. don't get income to pay for healthcare, education, infrastructure etc > no pension > child labour - not educated, arguably exploitation
40
Secondary Industry | describe the industry of manufacturing
conversion of raw materials from primary sector to products | eg. steelmaking
41
Secondary Industry | describe the industry of processing
combining and changing materials to produce a product (unique) eg. sausage factory
42
Secondary Industry | describe the industry of asseembly
putting parts together in a series at stations (specialised skill at each stage) to produce a product eg. car factory
43
Secondary Industry | describe the industry of Hi-Tech
modern technology using advanced computer techniques | eg. computer factory
44
Secondary Industry | Why is it important for a country to develop its secondary industry to become an MEDC?
> output - value/GDP, value added after processing > moves into tertiary sector - investments > more formal employment - taxes and money
45
Secondary Industry | Why would an industry be raw-material orientated?
Steel (weight-loss industry) raw materials are heavier than product, more expensive to transport, therefore factory is located close to raw materials (iron ore, coal, limestone and not ubiquitos)
46
Secondary Industry | Why would an industry be market orientated?
Brewery (weight-gain industry) | output is heavier than raw materials, more expensive to transport output, therefore factory is close to market
47
Secondary Industry | Why would an industry be footloose?
Apple | locates anywhere as availability of suitable labour, good transport and communications is more important
48
``` Steel industry (manufacturing): Port Talbot, South Wales, UK factors influencing its location in 1850 ```
> local raw materials >flat land and water source > local market > large number of unskilled labour
49
``` Steel industry (manufacturing): Port Talbot, South Wales, UK factors for steel works now ```
> exports and imports (ports) for cheaper raw materials > close communication link M4, railways (cheap transportation) > stable market in Oxfordshire (car factory) > government subsidies > integrated steel works (all stages of manufacturing take place in the same site) > government policies
50
``` Steel industry (manufacturing): Port Talbot, South Wales, UK benefits for local area ```
``` > employment > industries are dependent on them (multiplier effect) > more disposable income > taxes > linkage industry ```
51
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | How is this industry orientated?
footloose - industry that is not ties to certain location (don't need to be in a specific area for raw materials of products)
52
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | large, flat greenfield site on edge of city next to A14
attractive and accessible
53
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | room for expansion
so it can develop and attract more people
54
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | attractive, low-density site
aesthetically pleasing
55
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | on-sire nurseries, cafes, gym
socialise and innovate together, care for children so more time to work, convenient
56
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | supporting services
convenience and employment
57
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | close links Cambridge Uni
wheres employees come from and prestigious reputation
58
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | close M11 and M25
accessible to London (HQ and finance link)
59
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | Near to Heathrow and Stansted airport
international links and opportunities
60
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | good quality living environment (schools, housing, services)
attractive environment to live and have families and stay foreveeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
61
Hi-Tech Industries: Cambridge Science Park | What is synergy?
collective energy of people where they stimulate each others ideas

Geography GCSE (4 decks)

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