Settlement

Question 1

Definition of site

Answer 1

the physical characteristics of the land that a settlement is built on
eg. height, relief, flat, marshy, aspect

Question 2

Definition of situation

Answer 2

where a settlement is in relation to other key geographical features (use direction and distance to describe this)
eg. river, mountains, borders, coast

Question 3

Give 4 examples of a settlement pattern

Answer 3

Dispersed -> isolated farm lands in rural areas
Linear-> following a road, river, canal, steep valley
Nucleated/clustered -> communications, market square, village greens
Planned -> 1960, Brasilia (it is a plane)

Question 4

What are some key characteristics needed for a site?

Answer 4

• water source
• flat land
• sunlight
• fertile soil
• communication, river, trade

Question 5

Definition of settlement function

Answer 5

the main economic and social activities in that settlement. This can be multi-functional and can change over time

Question 6

Give some examples of a settlement’s function

Answer 6

educational, administrative, residential, cultural, port, agricultural, market town

Question 7

MEDC rural settlement

Answer 7

Urchfont, Wiltshire
30 km east of Bath
young leave for urban areas-> difficult to find employees for labour -> less investment, businesses close -> less money, employment, people, services decline->people notice lower quality of life (repeat)

Question 8

LEDC rural settlement

Answer 8

Ethiopia, Korodegaga
rural-urban migration -> fewer people to farm the land -> farming decreases and less food produced -> food insecurity occurs (repeat)
site:highlands, dry-site, steep relief, near fertile soils
Self-Help International:2001, sponsored an irrigation scheme, water for 130 homes

Question 9

What affects the sphere of influence?

And why would it overlap?

Answer 9

-physical geography
-travel times
-competition
OVERLAPPING:
-brand loyalty
-specific goods wanted
-price/quality

Question 10

MEDC urban settlement

Answer 10

Newcastle, UK
CBD, old industrial zone, low class residential, inner suburbs, outer suburbs, urban rural fringe

Question 11

Changes in the Low Class Residential Zone in UK

Answer 11

Byker Wall Redevelopment, Newcastle Upon Tyne
Problems of old houses:pollution, overcrowding etc
Ralph Erskine, opened in 1971
WWW: private spaces, keep “old” Byker, services nearby, community areas, variety

Question 12

+ of urban redevelopment

Answer 12

• modern housing are more desirable
• destroys bad reputation
• permanent fix

Question 13

• of urban redevelopment

Answer 13

• removing history/identity
• displacing people from friends, home, community
• cost of rebuilding and rehousing

Question 14

+ of urban renewal/regeneration

Answer 14

• can keep historic sites

- small bits at a time, not destructive

Question 15

• of urban renewal/regeneration

Answer 15

• can be quite temporary

- not cheap (£200 million)

Question 16

Urban renewal in UK: gen info (location, investment, date)

Answer 16

Newcastle Grainger Town Project, 1997
Location: in CBD, N of Central Station and SW of Grey’s monument
public investment: £40 million private sector: £160 million
40% of buildings were listed

Question 17

Urban renewal in UK: why was it needed?

Answer 17

in the 1990s:
47% of listed buildings ‘at risk’, 29% ‘vulnurable’
residential population 1,200
shops and offices moving elswhere

Question 18

Urban renewal in UK: affeects

Answer 18

2000 jobs created
public art, Grey’s monument repaired
289 flats+apartments
The Gate

Question 19

Definition of Greenbelt

Answer 19

an area around an urban area that has strict planning restrictions and can’t be built on; designed to stop urban sprawl

Question 20

Land use at the urban-rural fringe

Answer 20

Newcastle Great Park

Question 21

+ of the Newcastle Great Park

Answer 21

jobs-Sage headquarters, 1500 people in 2 years, congestion
easy transport-no home more than 400m from a bus stop, 27km cycle routes, congestion
wildlife-full time ranger for conservation of wildlife, employment

Question 22

• of the Newcastle Great Park

Answer 22

expensive housing-properties priced from £188,000 beyond average of toon
misuse of greenbelt-point of it? prevent urban sprawl
can build elsewhere- space for 20,000 homes where is in decline and necessary

Question 23

Definition of a Greenfield site

Answer 23

a term used to describe any area of land that has not been developed previously, it is also earmarked to be built on

Question 24

Definition of a Brownfield site

Answer 24

an old industrial (CBD) or inner city site that is cleared for a new building development

Question 25

+ of Greenfield site

Answer 25

no need to clean site from previous land uses, cheaper no existing infrastructure, blank canvas often at edges of cities where land is cheaper normally close to major motorways, easy access

Question 26

- of Greenfield site

Answer 26

causes urban sprawl destruction of habitats/wildlife longer travel times and congestion? cost of infrastructure (electricity, gas networks)

Question 27

+ of Brownfield site

Answer 27

more sustainable as existing developed land is being used, easier to gain planning permissions stops city expansion and countryside loss reduces journey times existing infrastructure (may need updating) closer to CBD

Question 28

- of Brownfield site

Answer 28

land and water pollution, costs of clean up existing infrastructure restricts planning cost of land, expensive

Question 29

Urban Sprawl: gen (pop growth)

Answer 29

Atlanta, USA 1970-1.4 million 2006-5.1 million fastest growing metropolitan city in USA

Question 30

Urban Sprawl: why did its population grow

Answer 30

financial centre good standard of living 1996 Summer Olympics held there

Question 31

Urban Sprawl: tackling problems of population growth

Answer 31

``` Atlanta's Beltline preventing urban sprawl green-space corridor->preventing 'heat island' public transportation use of Brownfield sites ```

Question 32

LEDC urban settlement: gen (urban zones)

Answer 32

Lima, Peru CBD, most wanted residential, improved squatter houses, favelas (available space in unwanted areas nearer CBD) CBD, industry, high class residential, medium, poor, steep land

Question 33

Definition of urbanisation

Answer 33

a process which sees an increasing proportion of people living in urban areas in a country

Question 34

Why is Lima growing?

Answer 34

rural to urban migration | natural change

Question 35

Push factors to Lima

Answer 35

Selva: poor soil, lack of space for farming, no other jobs, population growth, no comms Sierra: high altitude, infertile soil, no anything, unpredictable natural hazards

Question 36

Pull factors to Lima

Answer 36

less harsh environment | belief of better housing and quality of life, social and job opportunities

Question 37

Managing rapid urbanisation in Lima

Answer 37

Villa el Salvador 1971-gave squatters the legal rights to the land -improved roads, schools, electricity, medical centre well organised and managed area 25km from Lima

Question 38

Successes of Villa el Salvador

Answer 38

``` recreational area litter collection improved public transport electricity and street lights more desirable housing ```

Question 39

Problems of Villa el Salvador

Answer 39

shanty towns in other places, too poor to afford small rent of Villa el Salvador

Question 40

Problems of rapid urbanisation

Answer 40

Cairo Egypt housing-80% of Cairo are illegal shanty towns, Satellite towns land pollution-shanty towns have no litter disposal, overcrowding, rats, disease, water pollution, Zaballeen, sort rubbish, legal rights, create products which is sustainable water pollution- Cairo Waste Water Management programme, big new sewers air pollution-CAIP, Cairo Transit authority, metro system, toll roads

Question 41

Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) | The CBD

Answer 41

normally in city centre busy, expensive, modern and old commercial, transport, educational, administrative, tourism, entertainment changes-function from commercial to residential, urban renewal and redevelopopment

Question 42

Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) | Old industrial zone

Answer 42

next to CBD, but spread along river quite high density and old in parts industrial, commercial, tourism changes-decline in industry and decay of area, urban redevelopment (Quayside)

Question 43

``` Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) low class residential ```

Answer 43

next to old industrial zones high density, terraced, old housing, lack of green land, some modern redeveloped estates residential, commercial(corner shops), religious changes-huge urban redevelopment and renewal schemes (Byker)

Question 44

Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) | inner suburbs

Answer 44

beyond low class residential, further out from city centre semi-detached, gardens front and back, lower density, trees nice stuff residential, leisure, small comercial changes-not much....private extensions(garages, conservatories)

Question 45

Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) | outer suburbs

Answer 45

outside of inner city where there's space detached houses, larger everything, 1970s council flats, low density, desirable residential, comercial(retail parks), leisure (sports grounds) changes-nm

Question 46

Characteristics of urban zones in MEDCs (Newcastle) | urban rural fringe

Answer 46

beyond city limit, into countryside green belt land, agricultural and protected land residential, leisure, commercial

Question 47

What does the Burgess model look like?

Answer 47

circles

Question 48

What does the Hoyt model look like and why?

Answer 48

weird, (for pic google or look at flash cards), because the industries follow a river/road/railway