Population Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Migration
A
The movement of people from one place to another to live or to work
2
Q
Birth rates (natural change)
A
number of babies born per thousand (of a population) per year
3
Q
Death rates (natural change)
A
number of deaths per thousand (of a population) per year
4
Q
Fertility rate
A
average number of babies a woman can expect to have in a given country
5
Q
Infant mortality rate
A
the number of infant deaths per thousand of babies per year (can be in their first year or sometimes up to five)
6
Q
Factors affecting death rates
A
- Population structure (ageing population)
- Disease (HIV/AIDS)
- Medical care (hospitals, doctors, knowledge, accessibility, affordability, availability, vaccinations)
- Climate (perfect/extreme conditions)
- Hygiene (diet, sanitation, clean water)
7
Q
Factors affecting birth rates
A
- Contraception (AAK)
- Career aspirations (cost of children, delay of children)
- Employment structure (farming)
- Status of women (marriage, education)
- Infant mortality rate
- Population policies (anti/pro)
- Marriage (polygamy, culture, age)
- Religions (Roman Catholic = no condoms)
8
Q
Population policies
A
- Pro-natal
- Anti-natal
9
Q
How the One-child policy came about
A
- 1950, Chairman Mao, “Great Leap Forward”
- 1960s, famine, unemployment, riots –> overpopulation
- 1970s, 1st anti-natal policy, “later, longer, fewer”
10
Q
Carrot of one-child policy
A
- 1st born gets: free health care, education and guaranteed state job
- social status, officially recognised
11
Q
Stick of one-child policy
A
- Unapproved pregnancies = pay back carrot (bankruptcy)
- Granny police (listen to gossip, intrusive)
- Human rights violations (authorities under pressure to enforce policy)
12
Q
Positive results of one-child policy
A
- prevention of 230 million babies born
- Fertility rate: 1980-3 2011-1.5
- Less pressures economically (waste, housing, epidemic dangers)
- Economy growth
13
Q
Negative results of one-child policy
A
- Culturally insensitive (female children abandoned)
- Human rights violations (reports of blackmail, coercion of abortions)
- Gender imbalance (loneliness)
- Ageing population
- “Little Emperor Syndrome”
14
Q
Overpopulation
A
too many people in relation to the resources available, which result in a decrease in the standard of living
15
Q
Under population
A
where resources are under-utilised and standards of living could improve by having more people
16
Q
Optimum population
A
maximum standard of living has been attained and there is balance between population and resources
17
Q
Case Study (Overpopulation): Nigeria General
A
- Over 70% of population (140 million) living on $1 per day
- 3% of Africa 15% of people
- 68% of children attend primary school
- 29% of kids under 5 are underweight
18
Q
Case Study (Overpopulation): Nigeria Things caused by overpopulation
A
- High crime rates
- Lack of health care and education
- Congested roads
- Water and food shortages
- Water and air pollution
- Not enough housing
19
Q
Case Study (Overpopulation): Nigeria Affects of overpopulation on standard of living
A
- Shanties (power cuts, lack of running water and sanitation)
- In 10 months 273 civs and 84 police dead
- Waste in rivers
- Difficult transport
- Failing education
20
Q
Case Study (HIV and AIDS): Swaziland General
A
- Small landlocked country in Southern Africa
- Life expectancy 32-2007 50-2015
- 1/4 adults live with HIV
21
Q
Case Study (HIV and AIDS): Swaziland Difficulties in tackling HIV and AIDS
A
- Religious and moral beliefs
- Culture (polygamy, don’t want to know)
- Lack of doctors (few incentives)
- Beliefs in witchcraft
- Orphaned children
22
Q
Case Study (HIV and AIDS): Swaziland Standard of living
A
-Affects people of working age
23
Q
Case Study (HIV and AIDS): Swaziland Affect on government
A
- healthcare
- food security
- economic growth
- human development
24
Q
How do you calculate natural change (%) ?
A
birth rate - death rate divide 10
25
Population decline in Russia
- people decrease -5 per 1000
- decreased 1990-1994
- high death rates, alcoholism, heart disease, HIV + TB (highest in all G8 countries)
- cost of living. poor economy, high status of women
26
Dependency ratio
% of under 15 + % of 65+
------------------------------------- x100
% 15-64
27
Youthful population Gambia
- birth rate 40 per 1000 per year
- Infant mortality rate 1/10 children die before 5 years old
- 100:92 dependency ratio
- overcrowding, poverty, slows development
- adverts, campaigns PRICES SUBSIDISED
- HIGH IMR, free vaccinations, CANADA
28
Ageing Population (UK) advantages
- Good business
- large amounts of volunteering work ££££
- Grey vote
- Grey pound, disposable incomes (£215 billion a year into economy)
29
Ageing Population (UK) negatives
- Costs (taxes, health care)
- Shrinking proportion of skill base
- Lack of support (ment and physc, transport, health services)
- less young in "ageing areas"
30
Population density
the number of people living in a given area
31
Population distribution
the PATTERN of how people are spread out across an
| area
32
Name 2 maps that represent population density
- dot map
| - chloropeth map
33
Definition of immigration
an example of migration when people move into a country from another country
34
Definition of emigration
an example of migration of the movement of people out of a country
35
Definition of forced migration
when someone is forced to move out of their home e.g refugee, asylum seeker (have a lack of choice)
36
Definition of voluntary migration
when someone chooses to leave their place of origin
37
Pull factor
positive reasons attracting someone to the location
38
Push factor
negative reasons causing someone to leave the location
39
Why do some countries have low population density?
extreme climates, eg Sahara Desert
mountainous or highland areas, eg the Scottish Highlands
dense vegetation, eg the Amazon Rainforest
40
Why do some countries have high population density?
temperate climate, eg the UK
low-lying flat fertile land, eg the Bangladesh Delta
good supplies of natural resources, eg building resources
comms.
41
What is an asylum seeker?
left country of origin due to fear of persecution and have asked for permission to stay in another country
42
What is a refugee?
forced to leave their country as their lives are threatened. They go anywhere with safety with no permission to be there
43
What is an international migrant?
moves abroad for at least a year to live and work
44
What is a national migrant?
same as int. but stay in the same country
45
Push factors for Polish people to the UK
-high unemployment in Poland
-Low wages
-high cost of living
average income of $6,100
46
Pull factors for Polish people to the UK
- chance of a job (and experience)
- better pay than in Poland
- chance to move away from parents
- boomerang (earn money here, improve life back in Poland)
47
negatives for the Polish people in the UK
- hostility
- leaving family behind
- may end up homeless
- language and cultural issues
48
positive impacts on Poland
- increase in salaries, higher standards of living
- in 2007 they increased by 9%
- birth rate decreased
49
negative impacts on Poland
- jobs in construction industry could not be fulfilled (2005, 10%) (2007, 35%)
- in Wroclaw, some areas 1/4 anesthetists gone. So others have to deal with >1 operation
- older generations being left behind
50
positive impacts on UK (le Polish)
- fill jobs the British don't want
- attendance at churches, preventing their closure
- cultural mix
- Polish shops, radios etc
- eased pensions burden and regenerated many inner city areas
51
negative impacts on UK (le Polish)
- 27,000 child benefit applicators approved even though some don't even live in the UK
- Cambridgeshire police need translators (£800,000) to deal with 100 languages. this does provide more jobs though
