Fascist economics and politics

Question 1

King being appeased

Answer 1

1936 ‘Emperor of Ethiopia’
1939 ‘King of Albania’

Question 2

King opposition to Fascism

Answer 2

-didn’t let army Fascist salut
-critical of 1938 decrees
-NO to fascist symbol in flag

Question 3

1926 Parliament lost ability to…

Answer 3

-debate
-discuss policy
-amend proposed legislation

Question 4

1925 PNF control via M demands

Answer 4

-obey orders of Il Duce
-no meetings to take place
-encouraged to join to increase career

Question 5

Farmer benefits

Answer 5

-can pay less due to abolished trade unions

Question 6

early econ policies (for support)

Answer 6

-tax cuts
-no tax on war profits
-support to Ansaldo steel and shipping firm

Question 7

1922-25 exports…

Answer 7

in cars, textiles, agricultural produce increased 2X

Question 8

Battle for the Lira

Answer 8

1927
-150 to GBP now 90 to GBP
-tariffs

Question 9

negatives of Battle for the Lira

Answer 9

-wages dropped more than prices
-unemployment tripled (1926-28)
-textile industry = depression

Question 10

corporate state

Answer 10

representatives for workers chosen by Fascists

Question 11

Great Dep stats (negative)

Answer 11

-stocks + shares value drops by 35%
-unemployment increases 300K to 1 mill

Question 12

responses to GD

Answer 12

-5000 KM railway electrified
-IRI brought up company shares in struggling companies
-major banks saved from going bust
-Cartels (merge companies) to decrease competition and keep prices high

Question 13

Autarky (1936)

Answer 13

-lack of raw materals (low coal supp, iron, no oil found)
-domestic production of coal, iron, oil met 1/5 needs

Question 14

Battle for Births (1927)

Answer 14

-aim 40-60mill by 1950
-no tax for married women with 6 kids
-increase Bachelor tax ‘unjustified celibacy’

Question 15

failure of Battle for Births

Answer 15

birth rate declined until 1936

Question 16

Battle for Grain (1925) success

Answer 16

-increase wheat production by 50%

Question 17

‘Battle for the Marshes’ 1928

Answer 17

-huge sums of money to reclamation projects
-malaria cases drop over 50%
-thousands farmers went to towns

Question 18

Marshes propaganda

Answer 18

1934 gov claim nearly 5 mill hectares unfounded but 1/2 was restored by previous gov.s

Question 19

Church-state tensions (22-26)

Answer 19

-existence of Catholic workers unions
-education clashes
-Fascist Youth vs Catholic Action

Question 20

early policies for Church concessions

Answer 20

–clergy salary increase and no tax
-gave 3 mill lire for restoration of damaged churches
-crucifix restored (classrooms and courts)

Question 21

Lateran Pacts (1929)

Answer 21

3 protocols
-vatican city = independent + Catholicism recognised as sole faith
-Financial agreement (compensation for unifiation process) 750 mill lire
-Concordat (Church separate from state),

Question 22

Mussolini gains from Lateran Pacts

Answer 22

-showed victory by solving Roman Q after 60 yrs tension
-reduced anti-fascist Catholic activity

BUT NEVER COMPLETE FASCIST REVOLUTION

Question 23

Church support

Answer 23

-‘For Pope and Duce’
-after concordat, many members of Church became participants in Fascism

Question 24

Church against Fascism (late)

Answer 24

-300 priests support protest letter (condemned Archbishop of Milan for supporting regime) 1930

Question 25

1930's church state tension

Answer 25

1931 fascist attempt to suppress Catholic Action (Pope criticised in Osservatore Romano) but compromise)

Question 26

1937 Pius XI to antisemitism

Answer 26

condemned Nazis for it and warned Fascists not to implement these policies when implemented, Pope spoke against, but didn't organise effective action

Question 27

1939 encyclical

Answer 27

demanded end to Jewish persecution (after Pius XI died) but Pius XII never openly criticised WW2 deportation